Skeletal System
Skeletal system/tissues
Joints
Skeletal muscle
Major function
Major structural components
Compact bone & spongy bone char.
Components of long bone
Red & yellow bone marrow
Types of bone cells
Support, assistance in movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, energy storage
35% organic bone tissue (bone, connective tissue, cells, ex. matrix, collagen), 65% inorganic - minerals, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage
Compact - on every bone, perforating canal, periosteum (dense irregular) Spongy - osteocytes, ex. martix, no osteons, in sections of long and flat bone, endosteum (layer)
Epiphysis w/ epiphyseal line, articular cartilage, compact bone (w/ periosteum), diaphysis (shaft), medullary cavity (marrow, lined w/ endosteum), periosteum
Composition
Red bone marrow - gelatinous, soft tissue. Yellow bone marrow - adipose tissue
Function
Red bone marrow - blood cell formation. Yellow bone amrrow - nutrient storage
Osteogenic (stem) cells - (periosteum and endosteum), osteoblast - (create ex. matrix), osteoclasts - (endosteum)
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
6 types of synovial joints
Where two bones meet, short interconnecting fibers. Suture - skull only, no movement. Syndesmosis - D.R.C.T, little movement, distal tibiofibular. Gumphosis - tooth meets alveolus, immovable, periodontal ligaments
Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage, between 1st ri and manubrium, epiphyseal plates. Symphysis - pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints (fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage). Slightly movable.
Movable joints. Joint capsule with inner (areolar CT) & outer layer (D.I.C.T). Joint cavity filled w/ synovial fluid (lubricating, shock absorber, nourishes articular cartilage).
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Gliding movement, intercarpal and intertarsal joints, joints b/w vertebral articular surfaces
Flexion and extension, elbow joints and b/w phalanges
Rotation, radius and ulna, atlas C1 and C2 joint
Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) and wrist joints
Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, only in thumbs
Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation, shoulder and hip joints
Functions
Properties
Connective tissue layers
Components of skeletal fiber
Contractility - myofilaments, shortening of muscle cells. Excitability - nerve signals which stimulate muscle cells. Extensibility - stretching. Elasticity - stretch and recoil.
Produce movement, open/close body passageways, maintain posture and stabilize joints, generate heat
Epimysium - surrounds the outer layer of skeletal muscle (D.R.C.T). Perimysium - "around the muscle", fasicles. Endomysium - Within a fascicle.
Myofibrils - Unbranched cylinders, contain myofilaments which contract protein. Mitochondria - Supply energy for muscle contraction. Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Smooth ER which surround each myofibril. T tubules - Deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that run b/w terminal cisterns.