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Skeletal System (Skeletal System/Tissues (Components of a long bone…

- - - - Protects the brain (cranium), thoracic cavity (rib cage), and spinal cord (vertebrae).
    - - Bones store calcium and phosphate.
    - - Movement with the help of muscles.
    - - Red bone marrow.
    - - Framework for the connection of soft tissues, tendons and ligaments.
    - - Yellow bone marrow, but looks white.
  - - - Made up of 35% organic material (cells + extracellular matrix), and 65% inorganic materials (minerals
    - - Connect bones to bones.
    - - Connect muscle to bones.
    - - Joints are made where two bones meet for the purpose of motion of body parts.
    - - Fibrocartilage
        
        Found in intervertebral discs and make up the pubis symphysis.
      - Hyaline cartilage
        
        Found in the trachea, costal area (ribs), and hands.
      - Elastic cartilage
        
        Found externally in the ear and nose.
  - - - Found on the outer part of every bone.
      - Made up of osteons that are packed together. A central canal from one osteon to another is called a perforating canal.
  - - - Found in the ends of long bone, and inside all other bones.
      - Spongy bone has no osteons, and is made up by trabeculae.
      - Spongy bone still has osteocytes and extra cellular matrix.
  - - - The shaft of the bone.
    - - The ends of the bone, either proximal or distal.
    - - Located on the condyles, does not have perichondrium or blood vessels and is very poor at repairs.
    - - Also known as the marrow cavity.
    - - Represents where the area where it was once cartilage but now bone.
    - - Covers the outside of the bone. Has two layers: the outer layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue, and has an inner cellular layer.
    - - Surrounds the medullary cavity.
  - - - Located in the periosteum and endosteum. Creation and formation cells.
    - - Makes extracellular matrix.
    - - Created from leukocytes that form one big cell and is multinucleate, has microvilli, and secretes enzymes.
    - - They are retired cells. They maintain bone tissue.
- - - - An example is the sphincter muscle.
    - - Tendons and ligaments stabilize joints, helping them stay in their intended position.
    - - Cardiac muscles help move blood around the body.
      - Smooth muscles move the contents of hollow organs.
      - Skeletal muscles help move our bones.
    - - The more you use muscles, the more heat is produced.
  - - - Ability to respond to a stimulus. Muscles produce an electronic signal.
    - - Ability to stretch within the muscle limits.
    - - Generates tension or force when pulling on an attachment point.
    - - Ability to return to its original shape after contraction/extension.
  - - - Composed of mostly reticular fibers. Creates space that allows very small blood vessels to run next to muscle fibers.
    - - Dense irregular connective tissue that binds fascicle together.
    - - Covers each fascicle. Has dense irregular connective tissue blood vessels within.
    - - Binds whole muscles together, also dense irregular connective tissue.
  - - - Is the "dark" band of the myofibril.
    - - Is the "light" band of the myofibril.
    - - Actin protein. These are thin filaments and are yellow.
    - - The central part of the A-band, where no thin filaments reach.
    - - Myosin protein with myosin heads. These are thick filaments and are red.
    - - Boundaries of sarcomere, where actin is attached.
    - - A unit of contraction, repeating segments in a myofibril.
    - - The central part of the H-zone, where tiny rods hold the thick filaments together.
    - - Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is a storage of calcium.
      - Myofibrils
        
        Smaller than a muscle fiber.
      - Transverse (T) Tubles
        
        A tube that goes inside the cell around the myofibrils. It is a part of the sarcolemma.
      - Mitochondria
        
        They provide a lot of ATP for the muscles to use.
      - Sarcolemma
        
        Is the membrane that covers the fascicle.
- - - - Bones are joined together with small interconnecting fibers. Found only in the skull, no movement. As you age, suture marks may fade.
    - - Found between teeth and alveoli are little periodontal ligaments. No movement.
    - - Bundles of dense regular connective tissue, have little movement. Found in many locations on the body, such as our carpals and tarsals.
  - - - Found in the epiphyseal plate, between first rib and manubrium. Where two bones meet, made of hyaline cartilage, and is immovable.
    - - Joins the coxal bones making the pubic symphysis. Also found between the vertebrae, called intervertebral joints. They are made of both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. Slightly movable.
  - - - Pivot joint
        
        Has an axle that fits into a sleeve. Found in proximal radioulnar joints and atlantoaxial joint. Provide rotation, uniaxial movement.
      - Condylar joint
        
        Has an oval articular surface. Found in metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joints. Provide flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, biaxial movement.
      - Hinge joint
        
        Has a cylinder shape that fits into a trough. Found in elbow joints and interphalangeal joints. Provide flexion and extension, uniaxial movement.
      - Saddle joint
        
        Has articular surfaces that fit together like someone sitting on a saddle.Found in carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs. Provide flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, biaxial movement.
      - Plane joint
        
        Has a flat articular surface. Found in intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and joints between vertebral articular surfaces. Provide a gliding, nonaxial movement.
      - Ball-and-socket joint
        
        Has a literal ball and socket that fit together. Found in shoulder and hip joints. Provide flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation, multiaxial movement.