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Recruitment, selection and training of workers (Legal controls over…

- - - - Vacancy arises
      - Job analysis
      - Job description
        
        A job description is given, allowing job specification to see if the candidates match to the job. Once employed it'll show their effectiveness. If disputes happen, it becomes something both the employee and employer uses to settle questions. Case study example in pg 94
      - Job Specification
        
        Includes:
        
        The amount and type of experience
        
        Special skills, knowledge or particular aptitude
        
        Personal characteristics, such as type of personality
        
        Level of educational qualifications
      - Job advertised in the appropriate media
        
        Internal recruitment
        
        Advantages:
        
        Already knows organization's way of working
        
        The person is already well-known
        
        Motivating to others seeing fellow workers promoted, making them work harder.
        
        Saves time and money
        
        Vacancy filled from the inside of organization. May be advertised on a company noticeboard or a company newspaper. Suitable for an employee seeking promotion
        
        Disadvantages
        
        No new ideas or experience come into the business. Other companies' working practices differ which can allow more efficient practices to spread.
        
        Jealousy and rivalry may form.
        
        External recruitment
        
        Places to advertise:
        
        Centres run by the government - These are places where job vacancies can be advertised. Details are given to interested people ranging from unskilled to semi-skilled.
        
        Specialist magazines and journals - Used for particular technical people like scientists. Again can be nationally or internationally.
        
        National newspapers - Often used for more senior positions where few local people have the qualifications. Many people from different regions or even countries will come for the pay. Job vacancies from other countries are sometimes advertised too.
        
        Recruitment agencies - These are specialists in recruiting employees. They keep details of qualified people in their "books". When a suitable vacancy arises, they send along those people. Can also be approached by companies who need to employ a particular type of skilled worker. Is often used when temporary contracts need filling and when it's abroad. If successful, you need to pay these agencies an expensive pay, recently this method has become popular.
        
        Local newspapers - Often, jobs don't require much skill.
        
        When drawing the advertisement, businesses need to decide:
        
        Where the advertisement should be placed
        
        These 2 depend on the vacancy being filled and whether it's a senior position or which does not require any qualifications
        
        The cost of the advert
        
        What should be included in the advert
        
        Includes the info of the job e.g duties involved, qualifications, salary, conditions of employment, and info about the method of application.
        
        Case study example in pg 97
      - Application forms and CVs / Resumes and short-listing
        
        This requires the applicant to apply in writing. This can either be by requesting , and hen filling n, an application form, or by writing a letter of application and enclosing a curriculum vitae(CV) or resume(a summary of a person's qualifications, experience and qualities, and is written in a standard format.)
        
        A business will use the application forms, or letters and CVs, to see which of the applicant match the job specification. The closest matches will be invited for an interview - the selection stage. A shortlist will be drawn up.
        
        A curriculum vitae(CV) must be well laid out and clear while containing:
        
        Adress
        
        Telephone number
        
        Name
        
        Date of birth
        
        Nationality
        
        Education and qualifications
        
        Work experience
        
        Position of responsibility
        
        Interests
        
        Name and address of referee(for reference). Definition: "A professional reference is a recommendation from a person who can vouch for your qualifications for a job"
        
        The letter of application should briefly outline:
        
        Why the applicant wants the job
        
        Why the applicant feels they would be suitable
        
        Application forms are completed in place of the CV and usually asks for the same info. They may ask other things, relevant to the job.
      - Interviews and selection
        
        Applicants that are selected will give the name and address of referees, may it be from their school or colleague in their previous workplace. References are confidential allowing their honest opinions. Interviews are still the most widely used form of selection, though not always reliable, since its purpose is to assess, in a short amount of time:
        
        Any personal qualities that are an advantage or disadvantage
        
        The general character and personality of the applicant - will they fit in?
        
        The applicant's ability to do the job
        
        Interviews can be one-to-one, two-to-one, or a panel of people to interview the applicant. Panel interviews are usually for senior positions. Some include tests in the selecting process e.g:
        
        Aptitude tests aim to show the candidates's potential to gain additional skills. Either general intelligence tests or more specific tests are used to assess the candidates's ability to train for a particular job.
        
        Personality tests are used if a particular type of person is required for the job, if the job requires the ability to work under stress or if the person will need to fit in as part of a team of people.
        
        Skill tests aim to show the ability of the candidate to carry out certain tasks.
        
        Group situation tests give tasks to applicants to complete in group situations and the group is observed. Each applicant will be assessed on the way they work as a member of the team and the way they tackle the tasks themselves. Again, a job that requires the applicant to work as part of a team, for example on projects, will often use this type of selection procedure during the selection process.
      - Vacancy filled
        
        When the suitable applicant has been offered the job and has accepted it, the unsuccessful applicants should be informed they didn't get the job and thanks for applying.
- - - - Advantages to the business:
        
        Easier to extend business opening/operating hours by working evenings or at weekends
        
        Easier to ask employees just to work at busy times
        
        Fitsi in with looking after children and therefore employee is willing to accept lower pay
        
        More flexible in the hours of work
        
        Less expensive than employing/paying a full-time worker
      - The disadvantages to the employer:
        
        Less likely to be trained because the workers see the job as temporary or the employers think the employees will leave and won't want promotion.
        
        Takes longer to recruit 2 part-time workers than 1 full-time worker.
        
        Can be less committed to the business/more likely to leave to get another job.
        
        Less likely to be promoted because they will not have gained the skills and experience as full-time employees.
        
        More difficult to communicate with part-time workers when they are not in work.
- - - - Is carried out when the employee is new to the post. When a new employee starts at a company, they won't know where anything or anybody is or what is expected of them. The programme will last sometimes a day to several days.It depends on the company and the job.
      - Advantages:
        
        Helps new employees to settle into their job quickly
        
        May be a legal requirement to give Health and Safety training at the start of the job
        
        Means workers are less likely to make mistakes.
      - Disadvantages:
        
        Time consuming
        
        Wages are paid but no work is being done by the worker
        
        Deays the start of the employee commencing the job
    - - Trained by watching an experienced worker. Only suitable for unskilled and semi-skilled jobs.
      - Advantages:
        
        Ensures production from the worker whilst training
        
        Costs less
        
        Training to the specific needs of the business
        
        Individual tuition is given and in the workplace so they won't need to be sent away.
      - Disadvantages:
        
        The trainer may have bad habits and pass these on the trainee
        
        May not be recognized training qualifications outside the business
        
        Trainer will not be as productive as usual because they're guiding the trainee
    - - Goes away from the workplace for training. May be a different part of the building or somewhere else entirely, such as a college or specialist training centre. The techniques used in training are more varied and can involve complex tasks. Often involves classroom learning, using lecture, role play, case studies or computer simulations.
      - Advantages:
        
        May be taught a variety of skills, they become multi-skills and this makes them more versatile - they can be moved around the company when needed.
        
        Often uses expert trainers who have up-to-date knowledge of business practices.
        
        The business will only need to pay the for the course and won't lose the output of the employee
        
        If the courses are taught in the evening after work, they are cheaper for the business because the employee will still carry out their normal duties during the day
        
        A broad range of skills can be taught using these techniques
      - Disadvantages:
        
        Wages are paid but no work is being done by the worker
        
        The additional qualifications means its easier for the employee to leave and find another job.
        
        Costs are high
- - - - When a worker is told to leave their job because their work or behaviour is unsatisfactory. e.g always late for work despite warnings, an employee who stole or was unable to do the job to a satisfactory standard would be dismissed. In some countries, an employee can take the business to court if they feel they were unfairly dismissed. Therefore businesses need to make sure they follow the law in their country when dealing with employees.
    - - There may be an occasion when a number of employees will no longer be needed, through no fault of their own - e.g during an economic recession. When an employee is made redundant, they may be given money for compensation. In some countries this is laid down in law, e.g 1 week's wages for every year the employee worked for the business.The following factors help the business decie which to make redundant and whch to retain.
        
        Length of time employed by the business - workers who worked longer are often retained because they are the most experienced and the most expensive to make redundant, if redundancy payments are made.
        
        transferable worker with essential skills are often retained
        
        Some may volunteer - because they have another job, want to retire or start their own business.
        
        Employment history of the worker - whether they have a good/poor attendance, punctuality or appraisal record.
        
        Which departments need to lose workers and which need to retain workers.
- - - - Belong to a different religion
      - Are considered too old/young for the job
      - Are of a different race or colour
      - Are of the opposite sex
      - Are disabled in some way
  - - - Maintain reasonable workplace temperatures
      - Provide hygienic conditions and washing facilities
      - Provide safety equipment and clothing
      - Do not insist on excessively long shifts and provide breaks in the work timetable
      - Protect workers from dangerous machinery
  - - - For being pregnant
      - When no warnings are given before dismissal
      - For joining a trade union
    - - There should be a contract of employment between worker and employer containing details of hours of work, nature of job but also of:
        
        The wage rate to be paid
        
        How frequently wages will be paid
        
        What deductions will be made from wages, e.g income tax
      - Governments place a legal minimum wage to avoid having employers give very low wages to people.
        
        Advantages:
        
        Prevent strong employers exploiting unskilled workers
        
        Many unskilled workers will receive higher wages, it encourages employers to train them so they are more productive
        
        Encourages people to seek work. fewer shortages of workers
        
        Low-paid workers will earn more and afford to spend more
        
        Disadvantages:
        
        Some employers won't be able to afford these wage rates. They make workers redundant instead. Unemployment may rise.
        
        Other workers receiving just above the minimum level may ask for more to keep the differentiate between them and lower paid workers. Business costs again increases.
        
        Increases business costs and forces them to increase prices.