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Acute Asthma Exacerbation (Epidemiology image (14.7 million visits to…
Acute Asthma Exacerbation
Epidemiology
14.7 million visits to physician offices and hospital outpatient departments for acute asthma
Severe exacerbations result in hospitalization, which constitutes about one-third of the total $14.7 billion in U.S. annual asthma-related health care expenditures
All age groups experienced hospitalization at similar rates, with a slight predominance of the 35 to 54 year age range, representing 31.7% of admissions for asthm
Children and adolescents have the lowest mortality rate (0.02%)
Elderly have the highest mortality from asthma (1.9% for ages >75)
Treatment
Intubation
Inhaled corticosteroids
Utilization of already formed action plan
Beta 2 agonists
Anticholingeric medications
Clinical Presentation
Increased heart rate
Decreased oxygen saturation
Increased respiration rate
Dyspnea
Expiratory wheezing
Diagnosis
ABGs
Peak flow meter
Decreased oxygen staturation
Physical examination
Severity assessment
Mild
Intermittant dyspnea
Moderate
Struggling to breath
Use of accessory muscles
High
Unresponsive
Gasping
Pathophysiology
Allergen of irritation exposure
IgE production
Mast cells degranulate
Release of inflammatory mediators (eg histamins)
Activation of goblet cells
Increased mucous production
Dendritic cell detection
Presentation to Th2 cells
Favor IgE production
activates eosinophils
Production of proteins
Damage respiratory epithelium
Inflammatory process and airway obstruction
