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Skeletal system and muscles (Skeletal system and tissues (Components of…
Skeletal system and muscles
Skeletal system and tissues
Compact bone characteristics/features
Every bone is covered superficially by compact bone
Periosteum- osteogenic, covers bone (D.I.C.T.)
Multiple osteons
Perforatirly canals- joins two central canals, contains blood vessels and nerves
Components of long bone
Longer than they are wide, includes fingers (metacarpals)
Epiphysis- the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft
Diaphysis- the shaft or central part of a long bone
Compact bone- dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces(lacunae) that contain the bone cells (osteocytes)
Articular cartilage- smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.
Medullary cavity (marrow)- filled with yellow marrow, lined with endosteum
Periosteum- a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
Major structural components of the skeletal system
Bone- connective tissue, cells (osteocytes) and extracellular matrix, collagen (strength and flexibility), inorganic material (65%) and organic material (35%), minerals (hardness)
Tendons- bones to muscles, Ligaments- bone to bone
Articulations- joints and connections
Cartilage- flexible connective tissue
Red and yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow- gelatinons, soft tissue and blood cell formation
Yellow bone marrow- adipose, nutrient storage. As a fetus: about 7 years old all bones are filled with red bone marrow. As an adult: red bone marrow remains in axial bones, coxal bones and proximal epiphyseal of femur/humerus
Major functions of the skeletal system
Mineral storage- calcium and phosphorus, the body may go to bone to reserve for more calcium for blood
Blood cell formation, forms inside the bone
Protection- cranium, vertebrae and rib cage
Assistance in movement
Support- framework for soft tissue connection, tendons and ligaments
Energy storage, fats for nutrients (yellow bone marrow)
Types of bone cells
Osteogenic (stem) cells- periosteum/endosteum
Osteoclast- fusion of several lwukocyes, is multinucleated, large, has microvili, mobile and have phagocyes. Location: primarily endosteum and secretes enzymes that break down bone
Organic- broken down inside osteoclast. Inorganic/mineral- absorbed into the bloodstream
Osteoblast- create extracellular matrix, becomes an osteocyte in the lacuna, maintains healthy bone tissue
Spongy bone characteristics/features
No osteons, still has osteocytes and extracellular matrix found at the ends of long bones and in flat bones (fills space between compact bone)
Trabeculae- little bits of spongy bone
Location of red bone marrow (blood cell forming)
Osteogenic - bone forming/creating
Endosteum- covers trabeculae and inside all bones
Skeletal Muscle
Connective tissue layers
Endomysium- mostly reticualar fibers (loose connective tissue) within there is also blood vessels
Perimysium- around the muscle fascicle (dense irregular connective tissue)
Epimysium- around each muscle organ (dense irregular connective tissue)
Components of skeletal fiber
Cells- fibers
Fascicle- bundle of cells, multiple fascicles makes a whole muscle organ
Endomysium- mostly reticualar fibers (loose connective tissue) within there is also blood vessels
Perimysium- around the muscle fascicle (dense irregular connective tissue)
Epimysium- around each muscle organ (dense irregular connective tissue)
Deep fascia- around several muscles that often work together (dense irregular connective tissue)
Properties
Excitability- (nervous tissue /muscle tissue) respond to a stimulus and produce an electrical signal
Extensibility- ability to stretch muscle (within limits where it wont get damaged)
Contractility- creation of force or tension while pulling on a attachment point (proteins- actin and myosin)
Elasticity- the ability to return to the original shape after contraction or extension occurs
Functions
Open and close body passage ways (sphincter muscle)
Maintain posture and stabilizing joints
Produce movement
Generate heat
Joints
Cartilaginous joints
- pad of cartilage is wedged between te ends of bones, no joint cavity
Symphysis- pubic symphysis and intervetebral joints, hyaline cartilage on the outside and fibrocartilage on the inside
Synchondrosis- hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal plate between 1st rib and manubrium
Synovial joint components
- end of bones covered with articular cartilage, joint cavity separates the articulating bones, joint enclosed by an articular capsule, lined by synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid
Joint capsule is two layers- dense irregular connective tissue: outer layer (continuous with periosteum), Areolar connective tissue: inner layer, synovial membrane
Joint cavity- is filled with synovial fluid made by synovial membrane, is slippery for lubricating, reduces shock and nourishes articular cartilage
Bursa(e)- fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid. Specialized bursa is called a tendon sheath (covering the tendons at the ends) Ex. wrist, ankles, toes and fingers
Examples- shoulder, knee, elbow
Fibrous joints
- very short interconnecting fibers, dense regular connective tissue holds together two ends of bones and bone parts, no joint cavity
Syndesmosis- bundles of dense regular connective tissue, little movement. Example: distal tibiofibular joint
Gomphosis- tooth meets alveolus, perodontal ligament and immoveable
Suture- only skull bones, no movement
The six structural types of synovial joints
Pivot joint- uniaxial movement, vertical axis, rotation. Examples: proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
Condylar joint- biaxial movement, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction. Examples: metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joints
Hinge joint- uniaxial movement, medial/lateral axis, flexion and extension. Examples: elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
Saddle joint- biaxial movement, adduction and abduction, flexion and extension, articular surfaces are both concave and convex. Examples: carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
Plane joint- nonaxial movement, flat articular surfaces, gliding. Examples: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
Ball-and-socket joint- multiaxial movement, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation. Examples: shoulder joints and hip joints