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Skeletal system/tissues, joints and skeletal muscle (Skeletal…

- - - - Rib cage
      - Vertebrae
      - Cranium
    - - Calcium
      - Phosphate
    - - With help of muscles
    - - Red bone marrow
    - - Framework for connection of soft tissues
        
        Tendons
        
        Bone to muscle, muscle to bone conection
        
        Ligaments
        
        Bone to bone connection
    - - Yellow bone marrow (fat)
  - - - Structure
        
        35% of our skeletal system
        
        Cells and Extracellular Matrix
      - Function
        
        Strength
        
        Flexibility
    - - Structure
        
        65% of our skeletal system
        
        Minerals
        
        Calcium
        
        Phosphate
      - Function
        
        Hardness
        
        Ressists compression
  - - - Epiglottis
      - External ear
    - - Intervertebral discs
      - Meniscus/ Menisci (knee joint)
      - Pubic symphysis
      - Articular cartilage of a joint
    - - Location
        
        Thyroid cartilage
        
        Cricoid cartilage
        
        Respiratory tube cartilage in neck and thorax
        
        Articular cartilage of a joint
        
        Lung
        
        Costal (rib) cartilage
        
        Trachea
        
        Cartilages in nose
        
        Larynx
  - - - Short Bone
        
        Talus
        
        Carpals
      - Flat Bone
        
        Thin bones, parietal, occipital, temporal bones
      - Long Bone
        
        Bone that is longer than it's width
        
        Gross Anatomy
        
        Epiphyseal line
        
        composed of hyaline cartilage
        
        place for growth in lenght
        
        Epiphyses
        
        Medullary Cavity
        
        Yellow marrow
        
        Diaphysis
        
        Blood vessels
        
        Articular cartilage
        
        does not have perichondrium
        
        Does not have blood vessels
        
        On a condyle
        
        Very poor at repairing itself
        
        Nutrient arteries
        
        Has 2 layers of periosteum
        
        Outer
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Covers everything except articular cartilage
        
        Inner
        
        Osteogenic
        
        appositional growth - perioststeum generates new bone on outside while bone inside deteriorates in medullary cavity
        
        Sharpey's fibers
        
        Holds periosteum tight to the bone
      - Irregular Bone
        
        Have irregular shape
    - - Structure
        
        Central canal
        
        has blood vessels and nerves
        
        Perforating canal
        
        Osteons
        
        packed together
      - Location
        
        Outer part of every bone
    - - Structure
        
        Has osteocytes
        
        Has extracellular matrix
        
        Made of trabecule
        
        Endosteum is outside covering trabecule
        
        Red bone marrow is located in spongy bone
        
        Does not have osteons
      - Location
        
        Ends of long bones
        
        inside of all other bones
    - - Location
        
        Until 7 Years old
        
        as an embryofetus red bone marrow fills all spaces inside bones
        
        As an adult
        
        Vertebrae
        
        Sternum
        
        Coxal bones
        
        Ribs
        
        Skull
      - Structure
        
        Gelatenous material
      - Function
        
        Blood cell formation
    - - Structure
        
        Fat tissue
      - Location
        
        Inside the bones, starts to form around 7 years old
      - Function
        
        Nutrient Storage
  - - - Structure
        
        multinucleate
        
        has microvilli
        
        Leukocytes;that form one big cell
      - Function
        
        secrete enzymes
        
        performs phagocytosis; to break down the organic bone tissue
        
        Resorption; break down bone tissue
        
        Inorganic (minerals) released back to blood
    - - Osteoblasts
        
        Function
        
        Making extracellular matrix
        
        Location
        
        in Endosteum
        
        Periosteum
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Function
        
        Maintaining bone tissue
        
        Location
        
        in Lacunae
      - Stem cells
- - - - Epiphyseal plate
        
        Found in between 1st rib and manubrium
        
        Inmovable/ No movement
        
        Composed of hyaline cartilage
      - Symphysis
        
        Intervertebral Joints
        
        Hyaline Cartilage
        
        Fibrocartilage
        
        Slightly movable
        
        Pubic symphesis
  - - - Surrounded by a joint capsule
        
        Joint capsule has 2 layers
        
        Outer
        
        Dense irregular connestive tissue
        
        attaches to periosteum
        
        Inner Synnovial membrane
        
        It secreats senovial fluid; slippery and lubricating
        
        Shock absorber
        
        Areolar connective Tissue
        
        Nourisher of articular cartilage
    - - Sack filled with senovial fluid
      - Location
        
        skin and bone
        
        ligament and bone
        
        Between tendon and bone
        
        muscle and bone
      - Tendon sheath
      - Prevents things from rubbing together
    - - Pivot joint
        
        Movement
        
        Uniaxial movement
        
        Rotation
        
        Location
        
        axle (rounded bone)
        
        Proximaal radioulnas joints, atlantoaxial joint, atlas and axis
      - Condylar joint
        
        Movement
        
        Biaxial movement
        
        flexion and extension
        
        Medial/ lateral axis
        
        Adduction and abduction
        
        Anterior/ posterior axis
        
        Location
        
        Oval articular surfaces
        
        Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
      - Hinge Joint
        
        Movement
        
        Uniaxial movement
        
        Flexion and extension
        
        Location
        
        Cylinder, trough
        
        Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
      - Saddle joint
        
        Movement
        
        Biaxial movement
        
        Adduction and abduction
        
        Medial/lateral axis
        
        Flexion and extension
        
        Anterior/ posterior axis
        
        Location
        
        Articular surfaces; convex/concave
        
        Carpometacarpal jointsof the thumbs
      - Plane Joint
        
        Location
        
        Flat articular surfaces
        
        Intercarpal joints,intertarsal joints,
        
        Movement
        
        Nonaxal movement
        
        Gliding
      - Ball-and-socket joint
        
        Movement
        
        Multiaxial movement
        
        Adduction and abduction
        
        Anterior/ posterior axis
        
        Rotation
        
        Vertical axis
        
        Lateral and medial
        
        Flexion and extension
        
        Medial/Lateral axis
        
        Location
        
        Cup socket, spherical head
        
        Shoulder joints, hip joints
  - - - Structure
        
        Bundles of Dense Regullar Connective Tissue
      - Locaion
        
        Distal tibiofibular joint, carpals, tarsuls
      - Little movement
    - - Location
        
        Periodontal ligaments
        
        Between tooth and alveoli
      - No movement
    - - Suture
        
        very short interconnrcting fibers that connects bone
      - Location
        
        Only in the skull
      - No movement
- - - - Sphincer muscle
    - - Moves bones
      - Moves contents in hallow organs
      - Moves blood
  - - - Ability to respond to stimulus and producing an electrical signal
    - - Ability to stretch (within limits)
    - - GEnerating tension or force when pulling on an attatchment point
    - - ability to return to original shape after contraction/extension
  - - - Endomysium
        
        Mostly composed of reticular fibers
        
        Reticular fibers allow space for very small blood vessels to run next to muscle fibers
      - Perimysium
        
        Covers each fascicle
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Blood vessels within
      - Epimysium
        
        Binds fascicles together
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
      - Deep fascia
        
        Binds whole muscles together (group of muscles)
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
    - - Muscle cell = Muscle fiber
        
        Fascicle
        
        Group of fascicles= whole muscle organ
        
        Group of muscle fibers
    - - Myofibril
        
        Make up muscle fibers
      - Terminal cisterns
        
        Storage place for calcium
        
        Calcium triggers to contract the muscle
      - Sacroplasmic reticulum
        
        Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Storage of calcium
      - Triad
      - Transverse T tubules
        
        goes inside the cell
      - Mitochondria
        
        a lot of mitochondria for energy production for muscle to contract
      - Sacrolemma
  - - - Boundaries of sarcomere: actin attached
    - - Dark
    - - thin fillaments (actin protein)
      - thick fillaments: myosin proteins with myosin heads
      - a unit of contraction
    - - Light