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Skeletal system/tissues, joints and skeletal (Skeletal system/tissues…

- - - - Framework for connection of soft tissues
        
        Tendons: connect muscle to bone
        
        Ligaments: connect bone to bone
    - - With helps of muscle
    - - Cranium, rib cage, and vertebrae
    - - Calcium and phosphate
    - - Red bone marrow
    - - Yellow bone marrow
  - - - Forms the central axis of the human body
        
        Composed of 80 bones (skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone of throat, vertebral column, and thoracic cage)
        
        Provides protection and support for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs.
        
        Provides a surface for muscles to attach to
    - - Consists of 126 bones (both the upper and
        lower limbs and bones of shoulders and pelvis)
  - - - Outer part of every bone
        
        Composed of osteons packed together
        
        Covered by periosteum
    - - End of long bones and inside all other bones
        
        Location of red bone marrow
        
        No osteons
        
        Trabeculae (small bone)
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Covered by endosteum
  - - - External surface
        
        Outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Inner is mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts
    - - Hyaline cartilage, used for bone growth
    - - Shaft of long bone
    - - Proximal and distal extremities
    - - Replaces plate with bone when growth completed
    - - Middle of diaphysis, red marrow-child,
        yellow marrow-adult
    - - -External surface. 2 layers of CT. Outer is dense irregular. Inner is mainly made of osteo blasts and clasts, growth in diameter
    - - Lines medullary cavity and canals,
        contains osteoblasts and clasts
    - - Hyaline, prevents friction
  - - - Gelatinous material as embryo/fetus
        
        It fills all spaces inside bones until about age 7
        
        As adults: vertebrae, coxal bones, sternum, ribs, and skull
    - - Energy storage
        
        At age 7: starts to have yellow bone marrow
  - - - Located in periosteum/in endosteum
        (new place that bone can growth)
    - - Making extracellular matrix
    - - In lacunae: maintaining bone tissue
    - - Created from leukocyte that form one big cell
        
        Microvilli break down bone tissue and resorption
        
        Secrete enzymes in order to break down the bone
        
        Perform phagocytosis
- - - - Bones joined by very short interconnective fibers
        
        Only skull
        
        No movement
    - - Bundles of dense regular connective tissue
        
        Distal tibiofibular joint (tarsals/carpals)
        
        Little movement
    - - Between teeth and alveoli
        
        Periodental ligaments
        
        No movement
  - - - Epiphyseal plate and between 1st rib and manubrium
        
        Hyaline cartilage
        
        Immoveable
    - - Public symphysis
        
        Intervertebral joints
        
        Hyaline and fibrocartilage
        
        Slightly moveable
  - - - Provides stability to the joint and contains the synovial fluid
    - - -Ssimilar to blood plasma, with the addition of hyaluronic acid which makes is viscous (oil-like)
    - - Sac filled with synovial fluid between:
        tendon and bone skin and bone ligament and bone muscle and bone
    - - Tendon sheath
  - - - Gliding: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints,
        joints between vertebral articular surfaces
    - - Flexion and extension: elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
    - - Rotation: proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
    - - Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction:
        metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
    - - Adduction and abduction, Flexion and extension:
        carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
    - - Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, and rotation:
        shoulder joints and hip joints
- - - - Bone, blood, content of hollow organs
    - - Sphincter muscle
  - - - Generate tension of force when pulling on an attachment
    - - Ability to respond to a strimulus and producing an electrical signal
    - - Ability to stretch within limits
    - - Ability to return to original shape after contraction/extension
  - - - Composed of mostly reticular fibers
    - - Covers each fascicle
        
        Dense irregular connective tissue
    - - Dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Binds fascicles together
    - - Binds whole muscles together (ground of muscles)
        
        Dense Irregular connective tissue
  - - - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Storage of calcium
    - - Storage place for calcium