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MarkeciaBogardSKELETALsystem (tissue, muscle, and joints) (Skeletal system…

- - - - Composed of connective tissue have cells and extracellular inside extracellular matrix. Also lots of collagen to give strength and flexibility.
    - - Mostly calcium and phosphorus minerals to give the bone hardness.
  - - - phosphorus
      - calcium
    - - Vertebrae
      - Rib cage
      - Cranium
    - - framework for the soft tissue connection
        
        tendons-connect bone to muscle
        
        ligaments-connect bone to bone
  - - - the bone ends
    - - Joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
    - - aka-Shaft. Forms the long axis of a long bone
    - - located between diaphysis andeach epiphyses of an adult long bone
    - - In adults the cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow
      - The center of the diaphysis of long bone contains no bone tissues
    - - Periosteum
        
        Superfical layer of dense irregular connective tissuce
        
        Deep layer is osteogenic containing bone deposit cells (osteoblast) and bone destroying(osteoclast).
  - - - cells that actively produce and secrete the organic components
    - - bone matrix secretedby osteoblast
    - - stem cells
    - - keeps the bone matrix healthy
    - - responsible for resorption of bone
  - - - Every bone is composed of superficial compact bone Including: osteons, lamella, central canal, periosteum
      - Periosteum- covers the outer surface of bone, supplied richly with nerves and blood vessels.
      - Perforating canal- Connects central canals and contains blood vessels and nerves.
      - External Layer
    - - Found in long bone at the end. Also in flat bones fills the space between the compact bone
      - Contains trabeculae,osteocytes, extracellular matrix, NO OSTEONS
      - Internal LAYER
      - Endosteum-covers the inner bone suface
  - - - Contains red blood cells,white blood cells and platelets
      - Vascualr function
      - Found mainly in flat bones such as coxal bone, sternum,ribs and skull
    - - Nutrient storage and higher number fat cells
- - - - surrounds the muscle fascicles
      - composed of dense irregular connective tissue
      - contains blood vessels
    - - covers the entire muscle
      - composed of dense irregular connective tissure
    - - surrounds the muscle fibers
      - composed of mostly reticular fibers
      - contains blood vessels
    - - covers the whole muscle organ
      - composed of dense irregular connective tissue
  - - - production of electrical signal helps stimulate nerves and muscle so that they can respond
    - - ability to stretch the muscle in limits without damaging it
    - - creates force or tension while pulling on an attachment point
    - - ability return to orginal shape after contacting or extending
      - recoil is the important key
  - - - endoplasmic reticlum
    - - strand of sarcomerers
    - - allows an electrical impulse to travel deep into the muscle cell to initiate a muscle contraction.
      - formed by sarcolemma penetrating into the cell
    - - energy to muscle
    - - plasma membrane
- - - - Suture
        
        Found in shull
        
        Allows growth so skull can expand
        
        No movement
        
        short interconnecting fibers help hold joints together
      - Syndesmosis
        
        slight mobility
        
        tissues vary in length but longer than sutures
        
        help hold joints together with ligaments
      - Gomphosis
        
        periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
        
        no movement
        
        peg-in-socket
  - - - located in pubic symphysis of pelvic and intervertebral discs
      - fibrocartilage unites the bone
      - slight movement
    - - Located in epiphyseal plate and between the first rib and sternum
      - hyaline cartilage unites the bone
      - No movement
  - - - Pivot Joint
        
        Location: Ulna and Radius
        
        Movement: Rotation
        
        Example: Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
      - Condylar joint
        
        Location: Phalanges and metacarpals
        
        Movement: Flexion ,Extentsion, Adduction,and Abduction
        
        Example: Metacarpophalanheal joints , wrist joints
      - Hinge joint
        
        Location: Humerus and Ulna
        
        Movement: Flexion and extentsion
        
        Example: Elbow joints and interphalangeal joints
      - Saddle joint
        
        Location: Metacarpals and Trapezium
        
        Movement: Adduction,Abduction,flexion and extentsion
        
        Example: Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
      - Plane joint
        
        Location: Metacarpals and Carpals
        
        Movement: Gliding
        
        Example: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
      - Ball-and-socket joint
        
        Location: Scapula and Humerus
        
        Movement: Flexion,extentsion,adduction,abduction,and rotation
        
        Example: Shoulder and hip joints