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Bacteria and Archae (Cell Surface Structures (Gram Stain (Gram Positive…
Bacteria and Archae
Cell Surface Structures
cell wall
maintains cells shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic enviornment
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Gram Stain
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Gram Negative
bacteria that has less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
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Endospores
dormant, tough,structure that withstands harsh conditions in which bacteria develops resistant cells that lack water and or essential nutrients
Pili
singular pilus- appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other
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Ecological Interactions
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Commensalism
an ecological relationship in which one specie benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way
Parasitims
an ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host
Archae
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Methanogens
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use CO2 to oxidize H2 =, a process that produces both energy and methane waste
Decomposers
break down dead organisms as well as waste products and thereby unlock supplies of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements
Genetic Recombination
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Transduction
Ex: A virus that carries prokaryotic DNA may not be able to replicate because it lacks some or all of its own genetic material
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Conjugation
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Ex: In bacteria the DNA transfer is always one way- one cell donates the DNA , and the other receives it
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Transformation
the genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokatyotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
Ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae can be transformed into pneumonia causing cells if the cells are exposed to DNA from a pathogenic strain
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Bacteria
Mutualistic Bacteria
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Many of these species are mutualist, digesting food that our own intestines cannot break down
other signals induce humans cells to produce antimicrobial compounds to which B. thetaiotamicron is not susceptible
This action may reduce the population sizes of other, competing species, thus potentially benefiting both B. Thetaiotaomicron and its human host.
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