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SKELETAL SYSTEM (SKELETAL SYSTEM/ TISSUES (COMPONENTS OF A LONG BONE
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM/ TISSUES
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
- Support: tendons and ligaments
- Movement
- Protection: Cranium, Rib-cage & vertebrae
- Mineral Storage: Calcium & Phosphate
- Blood Cell Formation: Bone Marrow- Red Bone Marrow
end of long bones, flat bones inside.
- Energy Storage: Yellow Bone Marrow
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COMPONENTS OF A LONG BONE
Longer than they are wide. Long Bone has a shaft plus two distinct ends. Most bones in the limbs are long bones.
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Articular Cartilage
The joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of hylaine cartilage.
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Medullary Cavity
The interior of diaphysis of long bones contains no bone tissue at all, rather Marrow cavity. In adults this cavity is filled with Yellow Bone Marrow.
Periosteum
Connective Tissue membrane covering the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of the epiphyses, where the articular cartilage is.
Perforating Collagen Fiber Bundles
Thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum into the bone matrix. Insertion points for tendons and ligaments to attach to bone as well.
Compact and Spongy Bone
Endosteum
Internal bone surface covered with a thin connective tissue. In particular the trabeculae of spongy bone. Also lines the central canals of osteons.
RED & YELLOW BONE MARROW
Red Bone Marrow
-Low number of adipocytes
-Blood Cell Formation
-Level decreases with age
-Found in vertebrae, coxal bones, sternum
ribs and skull
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TYPES OF BONE CELLS
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Osteoblasts
Cells that actively produce & secrete organic components of the bone matrix. Ground substance and collagen fibers. Bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts are called OSTEOIDS.
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
FUNCTIONS
- Produce Movement
- Open & Close Body Passage Ways (Sphincter Muscles)
- Maintain Posture & Stabilize Joints
- Generate Heat
PROPERTIES
1. Contractility- Tissue contracts forcefully
2. Excitability- Nerve signals and other
stimuli excite cells causing electrical impulses.
3. Extensibility- Tissue can be stretched
4. Elasticity- After being stretched, muscle
recoils and resumes shape
CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYERS
Endomysium
Inside each fascicle, muscle fiber encases a thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers.
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Epimysium
An outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue
surrounds all muscles
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