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Skeletal system/tissues, joints and skeletal muscle (Skeletal…

- - - - definition; skull=brain, vertebrae=spinal cord and rib cage=organs
    - - definition; serve as a reservoir for minerals, the most important are calcium and phosphate
    - - definition; skeletal muscles attach to the bones by tendons and use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts
    - - definition; bones contain red and yellow bone marrow
    - - definition; provide a hard framework that supports the weight of the body
    - - definition; bone producing cells
  - - - Features; osteon, lamella, central canal, perforating canals,canaliculi
      - characteristics; it is riddled with passageways for blood vessels and nerves
    - - characteristics; each trabecula contains several layers of lamellae and osteocytes but is too small too contain osteons or vessels of its own
  - - - 2 layers of Dense Irregular ConnectiveTissue
      - Inside; cellular layer osteogenic
      - Perforating collagen fiber bundles
      - Nutrient Artery
    - - lined It's; Endosteum
      - Inside; Yellow bone marrow
  - - - definition; to keep the bone matrix healthy
    - - definition; the resorption of bone
    - - definition; a cell that secretes the bone matrix
    - - definition; stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts
  - - - action; actively generates blood cells
    - - action; fat storage
- - - - example: sphincter muscle
    - - action; through muscle movement
  - - - Definition; responds to a stimulus and produce an electrical signal
    - - Definition; ability to stretch (within limits)
    - - Definition; Create force or tension while pulling on an attachment point
    - - Definition; ability to return to the original shape after contraction or extension
  - - - definition;Surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles
    - - **definition; Deepest layer. Separates individual muscle fibers
    - - definition; Outermost layer. Surrounds the entire muscle
  - - - terminal cisterns
        
        definition; SR tublues
      - T tubles
        
        definition; are deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that run between each pair of terminal cisterns
      - sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        definition; an elborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum whose interconnecting tubles surround each myfibril
    - - thin (actin) filaments
        
        definition;attach to each z disc
      - thick (myosin) filaments
        
        definition; in the center of the sarcomere overlapping the inner ends of the thin filaments
      - Z Disc
        
        definition; boundaries at the two ends of each sarcomere
      - A band
      - sarcomeres
        
        definition; myofibrils composed of repeatingsegments
      - H zone
        
        definition; central part of an A band, where no thin filaments reach
      - myofibrils
        
        definition; contractile organelles, striations
      - M line
        
        definition; in the center of the H zone
      - I Band
        
        definition; either side of the A band, regions that contain only thin filaments
    - - definition; is a spring like molecule in sarcomeres that resists overstretching
- - - - definition; bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, bans of fibrous tissue longer than sutures
        
        action; little to no movement is allowed
    - - definition; is a peg in socket joint
        
        location; articulation of a tooth with its socket, connecting ligament is the periodontal ligament
    - - definition; bones are tightly bound by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue
        
        location; only between bones of skull
  - - - Definition; Bones united by Hyaline cartilage
    - - Definition; Bones united by fibrocartilage
  - - - inside; synovial fluid
    - - Synovial membrane
        
        definition; lining the joint capsule; it is composed of loose connective tissue
      - Fibrous layer
        
        definition; it strengthens, it is the outer layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
  - - - Rotation
        
        Examples; Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
    - - Anterior/posterior: Adduction and abduction
      - Examples; metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrists joints
      - Medial/lateral: Flextion and extension
    - - Flexion and Extension
        
        Examples; Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
    - - Anterior/posterior: Flexion and extension
      - Examples; Carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
      - Medial/lateral: Adduction and abduction
    - - Gliding
        
        Examples; Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints
    - - Anterior/posterior axis: Adduction/Abduction
      - Vertical axis: Rotation
      - Medial/Lateral axis: Flexion and extension
      - Examples; Shoulder joints and hip joints