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MM9 - Dynamic Regulation of Protein (i) (intro (ways to regulate protein…

- - - - high levels: more transcription + translation
      - low levels when protein is damaged/has completed its purpose
    - - e.g. in order to be functional TFs must translocate from cytosol to nucleus
- - - - damaged proteins need replacing
      - misfolded proteins need to be recycled before they disrupt cell processes
    - - some proteins need to be tightly regulated to control function/prevent toxic build-up
        
        e.g. cyclins
      - after activation via cleavage
        
        e.g. zymogen digestive enzymes
      - these processes target certain proteins (specific)
  - - - degrades imported proteins
      - lysosomes
        
        membrane bound organelles
        
        arise from ER
        
        highly acidic (pH 4) due to proton pumps pumping H+ in
        
        necessary for acid hydrolyses (degradative enzymes)
        
        only active @ pH4 in case they leak out (protective mechanism)
      - can degrade any biological material
      - 3 pathways into lysosome...
        
        1) autophagy
        
        damaged proteins get packaged into autophagosomes
        
        membranous organelles formed from ER
        
        key method of getting rid of dangers to cell
        
        defect: accumulation of unwanted molecules
        
        lysosomal storage diseases - chronic inflamm
        
        e.g. Crohn's
        
        e.g. Inclusion (I) cell disease
        
        accumulation of macromolecules
        
        AR
        
        reduced life expectancy
        
        2) R-mediated endocytosis
        
        tyrosine Rs internalise + fuse with golgi app
        
        3) Phagocytosis
        
        usually occurs when neutrophils present
    - - ubiquitin-proteasome system
      - degrades cytosolic proteins marked for destruction