Food

Strategies

Technological

Political

Agricultural

Social

Agricultural Policies

Food Policies

StockPiling

Diversifying the sources of food

Refer to?

Decisions made by a government that affects how food is produced, processed, distributed, purchased and packaged.

Stockpiling is the setting aside and storage of food that is sourced from local farms or imported from overseas to ensure food security during food emergencies.

Importing food from different sources helps to diversify the sources of food. Instead of relying on a few countries for food supply, more food suppliers are sourced from more countries to buffer against food shortages and price fluctuations.

E.g

For instance, Singapore which used to purchase vegetables mainly from Malaysia has switched to purchasing a larger proportion of vegetables from countries such as China and the USA.
The Singapore government has also encouraged local companies to place contracts directly with farmers for an agreed amount as well as the price of food products. NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd purchases vegetables through contracts with Indonesian Farmers.

Refer to?

Policies pertaining to domestic agriculture
The government has the power to decide how limited resources such as money and land may be best used to influence the intensity of food production.

E.g

In India, the Punjab Agricultural department started an education for its wheat farmers. Under the programme, farmers were taught about the best available seed varieties, pesticide treatment and irrigation methods. Educating farmers helped to ensure greater productivity from its farmland, producing a greater supply of crops more efficiently.

Agrotechnology

E.g Singapore.

Agrotechnology parks that house high-tech farms have been built

equipped with the necessary infrastructures that modern farms require, such as computers

Local Farms produce up to 8 %of fish and 26% of eggs consumed in singapore,
reduce reliance on food imports

Limitation

Higher cost of setting up high-tech farms translate in to higher prices of food produce for consumers

Competition form cheap food imports
consumers still choose to buy cheaper food proud from neighboring countries

International Strategies

Food program and aid assistance

United Nations World Food Programme

Responding to Emergencies

Cash and Voucher Scheme

School Meals

Provision of School meals to children

Provision of emergency food aid during civil wars and natural disasters

Distribution of cash and vouchers in places where food in unavailable but people are unable to afford it

World Bank

Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme(GAFSP) (2010)

Provides Financing to countries that need help in increasing agricultural productivity
Provides assistance to improve food security in specific regions

E.g

In Rwanda, the GAFSP funded a project in 2010 t reduce soil erosion and improve productivity in hillside agriculture
Helped to increase potato yields by 7 times and cereal yields by 4 times

In Togo, GAFSP projects have helped farmers increase corn and cassava productions

In vietnam, the Doi Moi Policy was introduced in 1986
Helped to increase the production of Rice such that it met local demands and there were excess that could be exported
-encouraged the trading of rice with other countries

In addition

International Rice Research Institute

Introduced HYV such that 70% of the land were grown with HYV

United Nations world food programme

Introduction of sea dyke enforcement which helped to protect 195,000 hectares of land with a population of 1.7 million, expanded agricultural land by 7,318 hectares and aquaculture area by 3,408 hectares
Provided 420,000 people with jobs and 1,200 with technical skills :

Food and Agriculture Organization

offered technical assistance to the government
US $36 million was contributed to project within vietnam to help boost productivity
Increased employment opportunities for the rural poor & sustainable agricultural development

World Bank

Funded irrigation projects by expanding irrigation system which results in a greater productivity of land

Support Local Farmers

population control

Multiple Cropping and crop rotation

Water and soil conservation

Leasing farmland to other countries

E.g.

In 2008, South Korea negotiated a 99-yeat lease on 3.2 million acres of farmland in Madagascar

farming technology

Biotechnology

GM food

e.g Sub -saharan Africa

Mainly used to increase the yield of the world's 3 leading cereal crops, namely corn, soya bean and canola
Used limited in sub-saharan africa, cassava, sorghum and banana

what is it?

Practice of foreign 2 or more crops on a single piece of land at the same time

what is it?

click to edit

A way of growing several crops on the same land area in a specific order, following the changes in seasons

Definitions

Food Security

Exists when all people in an area are able to obtain sufficient quantities of safe and nutritious food to maintain an healthy and active lifestyle.

Malnutrition

The body does not get a balanced amount of nutrients to maintain healthy tissues and organ function.

Starvation

The state of extreme hunger from a severe lack of food.

Economic

Agri- Businesses

What is it?

Companies are involved in most stages of the food supply chain, including farming, processing and retailing.

Pros

Large food companies able to withstand the impact of changes in the environment, e.g. flooding, compared to small-scale farmers.
Agribusinesses are able to invest in technology to increase food production including research to produce crop with greater yield.
A worldwide network of different farming, distribution and processing centres, they have greater control over crop production. Their production costs are reduced and hence the retail cost of food may be kept low.

Buy Local Crops

Impacts

Salinisation

Occurs when water added to the soil during irrigation evaporates directly, leaving the salt to be left behind after evaporation

Eutrophication

Why does food shortages still occur?

Physical

Water logging

Too much water seeps into the soil and the soil becomes over-saturated

Presence of extra nutrients in the water, leading to algae blooms

Overuse of chemical s and fertilizers, leak into water which seeps into soil

Social

Economic

Political

Climate Change

Extreme Weather events

Pests

Civil Strife

Poor Governance

Rising demand for meat and dairy products from emerging economies

Soaring cost of fertilizers and transport

Lack of Accessibility

Inadequate logistics of food distribution and storage

Increase the price of fertilizers and transport will result in a direct increase int the price of food

Conversion of Farmland to industrial crop production to produce biofuel crops

more profitable to grow crops for biofuels than growing crops for human consumption

refers to?

How easily residents can reach the food that is available.

Food Safety

A system that provides guidelines, and ensures proper handling, preparation, transportation and storage of food that prevents food borne diseases.

Stable Food Supply

Safe and Nutritious food is available to all people at all times

Obesity

the condition of having excessive fat consumption of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals , health and proteins

Inability to implement policies, policy errors as well as corruption

e.g INDIA

In the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh in 2010, 40,000 villagers were deprived of land from farming due to the development of mining, a steel plant, and a port
As a result, these villagers lost the means to produce their own food and were left with extremely little income to purchase food

A situation in which a country faces political unrest, major internal conflicts, which may lead to riots , unrest or civil war

E.g :USA

In a 2009 Report by the United States Department of Agriculture, it was found that 25% of the food crops grown in USA became fuel for vehicles instead of food for people
The amount would have been enough to feed 330 million people for one year