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Food (Definitions (Food Security Exists when all people in an area are…

- - - - GM food
        
        e.g Sub -saharan Africa
        
        Mainly used to increase the yield of the world's 3 leading cereal crops, namely corn, soya bean and canola
        
        Used limited in sub-saharan africa, cassava, sorghum and banana
  - - - Refer to?
        
        Policies pertaining to domestic agriculture
        
        The government has the power to decide how limited resources such as money and land may be best used to influence the intensity of food production.
      - E.g
        
        In India, the Punjab Agricultural department started an education for its wheat farmers. Under the programme, farmers were taught about the best available seed varieties, pesticide treatment and irrigation methods. Educating farmers helped to ensure greater productivity from its farmland, producing a greater supply of crops more efficiently.
        
        In vietnam, the Doi Moi Policy was introduced in 1986
        
        Helped to increase the production of Rice such that it met local demands and there were excess that could be exported
        -encouraged the trading of rice with other countries
        
        In addition
        
        International Rice Research Institute
        
        Introduced HYV such that 70% of the land were grown with HYV
        
        United Nations world food programme
        
        Introduction of sea dyke enforcement which helped to protect 195,000 hectares of land with a population of 1.7 million, expanded agricultural land by 7,318 hectares and aquaculture area by 3,408 hectares
        
        Provided 420,000 people with jobs and 1,200 with technical skills :
        
        Food and Agriculture Organization
        
        offered technical assistance to the government
        
        US $36 million was contributed to project within vietnam to help boost productivity
        
        Increased employment opportunities for the rural poor & sustainable agricultural development
        
        World Bank
        
        Funded irrigation projects by expanding irrigation system which results in a greater productivity of land
      - Agrotechnology
        
        E.g Singapore.
        
        Agrotechnology parks that house high-tech farms have been built
        
        equipped with the necessary infrastructures that modern farms require, such as computers
        
        Local Farms produce up to 8 %of fish and 26% of eggs consumed in singapore,
        
        reduce reliance on food imports
        
        Limitation
        
        Higher cost of setting up high-tech farms translate in to higher prices of food produce for consumers
        
        Competition form cheap food imports
        
        consumers still choose to buy cheaper food proud from neighboring countries
    - - StockPiling
        
        Stockpiling is the setting aside and storage of food that is sourced from local farms or imported from overseas to ensure food security during food emergencies.
      - Diversifying the sources of food
        
        Importing food from different sources helps to diversify the sources of food. Instead of relying on a few countries for food supply, more food suppliers are sourced from more countries to buffer against food shortages and price fluctuations.
        
        E.g
        
        For instance, Singapore which used to purchase vegetables mainly from Malaysia has switched to purchasing a larger proportion of vegetables from countries such as China and the USA.
        
        The Singapore government has also encouraged local companies to place contracts directly with farmers for an agreed amount as well as the price of food products. NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd purchases vegetables through contracts with Indonesian Farmers.
      - Refer to?
        
        Decisions made by a government that affects how food is produced, processed, distributed, purchased and packaged.
    - - Food program and aid assistance
        
        United Nations World Food Programme
        
        Responding to Emergencies
        
        Provision of emergency food aid during civil wars and natural disasters
        
        Cash and Voucher Scheme
        
        Distribution of cash and vouchers in places where food in unavailable but people are unable to afford it
        
        School Meals
        
        Provision of School meals to children
        
        World Bank
        
        Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme(GAFSP) (2010)
        
        Provides Financing to countries that need help in increasing agricultural productivity
        
        Provides assistance to improve food security in specific regions
        
        E.g
        
        In Rwanda, the GAFSP funded a project in 2010 t reduce soil erosion and improve productivity in hillside agriculture
        
        Helped to increase potato yields by 7 times and cereal yields by 4 times
        
        In Togo, GAFSP projects have helped farmers increase corn and cassava productions
  - - - what is it?
        
        Practice of foreign 2 or more crops on a single piece of land at the same time
        
        A way of growing several crops on the same land area in a specific order, following the changes in seasons
    - - what is it?
    - - E.g.
        
        In 2008, South Korea negotiated a 99-yeat lease on 3.2 million acres of farmland in Madagascar
  - - - Buy Local Crops
  - - - What is it?
        
        Companies are involved in most stages of the food supply chain, including farming, processing and retailing.
      - Pros
        
        Large food companies able to withstand the impact of changes in the environment, e.g. flooding, compared to small-scale farmers.
        
        Agribusinesses are able to invest in technology to increase food production including research to produce crop with greater yield.
        
        A worldwide network of different farming, distribution and processing centres, they have greater control over crop production. Their production costs are reduced and hence the retail cost of food may be kept low.
- - - - refers to?
        
        How easily residents can reach the food that is available.
  - - - Increase the price of fertilizers and transport will result in a direct increase int the price of food
    - - more profitable to grow crops for biofuels than growing crops for human consumption
        
        E.g :USA
        
        In a 2009 Report by the United States Department of Agriculture, it was found that 25% of the food crops grown in USA became fuel for vehicles instead of food for people
        
        The amount would have been enough to feed 330 million people for one year
  - - - A situation in which a country faces political unrest, major internal conflicts, which may lead to riots , unrest or civil war
    - - Inability to implement policies, policy errors as well as corruption
        
        e.g INDIA
        
        In the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh in 2010, 40,000 villagers were deprived of land from farming due to the development of mining, a steel plant, and a port
        
        As a result, these villagers lost the means to produce their own food and were left with extremely little income to purchase food
- - - - Overuse of chemical s and fertilizers, leak into water which seeps into soil