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Skeletal (Muscles (Properties (Excitability (Respond to stimulus,…

- - - - Muscle Fiber
        
        Deep fascia
        
        Binds whole muscles together (group of muscles)
        
        Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
        
        Fascicle
        
        Group of muscle fibers
    - - Group of fascicles
        
        Perimysium
        
        Covers each fascicle (Dense Irregular Connective Tissue)
        
        Blood vessels within
        
        Epimysium (upon muscle)
        
        Binds fascicles together
        
        Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
        
        Endomysium
        
        Composed of mostly reticular fibers
        
        Create space
        
        Allows small blood vessels to run next to muscle fibers
  - - - Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)
        
        Wraps around each myofibril
      - Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (network)
        
        Storage of calcium
        
        Terminal cisternae/Terminal Cisterns
        
        Storage place of calcium
      - Myofibril
    - - Sarcomere: unit of contraction (repeats)
        
        Z Disc/Z Line
        
        Boundaries of sarcomere, actin attached
        
        Thick filaments
        
        Made of myosin protein
        
        Myosin heads
        
        A-band (dark)
        
        Thin filaments
        
        Made of actin protein
        
        I-band (light)
    - - Plasma membrane
  - - - Ability to stretch (within limits)
    - - Return to original shape after contraction/extension
    - - Respond to stimulus
      - Producing electrical signal
    - - Generate tension/force pulling on attachment point
  - - - Terminal boutons/Axon terminals
        
        Stores neurotransmitters
      - Synaptic Cleft: space separates axon terminals from sarcolemma
    - - 2) Basal lamina has acetylcholinesterase
        
        Breaks down acetylcholine after a single contraction
      - 3) Ensures each nerve impluse to a muscle fiber
        
        Muscle fiber produces one twitch
      - 1) Neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, diffuses across synaptic cleft
        
        Binds to receptor on sarcolemma, induces impulse
        
        Initiates fiber contraction
  - - - Sphincter muscle
        
        Internal, involuntary
        
        External, voluntary
    - - Deeper muscle maintain posture
      - Tendons/Ligaments help stabilize joints
        
        Stretch across muscles
    - - Blood
      - Contents of hollow organs
      - Bones
- - - - Place where osteogenic cells form (from mesenchyme)
        
        Most bones of skull/clavicle are formed
    - - Where cartilage model shapes bone
        
        Epiphyseal Growth Plate (hyaline cartilage)
        
        All bones except skull/clavicle
        
        Makes epiphyseal line after finished growth
      - Steps
        
        Cartilage cell death
        
        Osteoclast cleanup of dead cartilage cells
        
        Rapid growing cartilage cells
        
        Osteoblast forms new bone
      - Rate of bone growth/dead cartilage cleanup are the same
    - - Located in Spongy Bone
        
        Osteoclasts breakdown endosteum
        
        Osteoblasts make extracellular matrix
- - - - Surrounded by joint capsule
        
        Has two layers
        
        Outer: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
        
        Inner: Synovial Membrane
        
        Made of mostly Areolar Connective Tissue
        
        Secretes synovial fluid (slippery & lubricating)
        
        Shock Absorber
        
        Nourishes articular cartilage
    - - Sac filled w/synovial fluid
        
        Ligament & Bone
        
        Skin & Bone
        
        Tendon & Bone
        
        Muscle & Bone
      - Type
        
        Tendon Sheath
  - - - Bones connected by bundles of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
      - Distal tibiofibular joint, carpals, tarsals
      - Little movement
    - - Bones joined by very short interconnecting fibers only
    - - Between teeth & alveoli
      - Periodontal ligaments
      - No movement
  - - - Between 1st Rib and Manubrium
      - Hyaline Cartilage
      - Epiphyseal Plate
      - No movement/not movable
    - - Intervertebral Joints
      - Hyaline Cartilage (touches bone)
      - Fibrocartilage (between hyaline cartilage
      - Slightly Movable
      - Pubic Symphysis
  - - - Unaxial Movement
        
        Rotation
      - Proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
    - - Biaxial Movement
        
        Flexion
        
        Extension
        
        Abduction
        
        Adduction
      - Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle), wrist joint
    - - Unaxial Movement
        
        Flexion
        
        Extension
      - Elbow joint, interphalangeal joint
    - - Biaxial Movement
        
        Adduction
        
        Flexion
        
        Abduction
        
        Extension
      - Carpometacarpal joints of thumb
    - - Nonaxial Movement
        
        Gliding
      - Intervertebral, Carpals, Tarsals
    - - Multiaxial Movement
        
        Abduction
        
        Adduction
        
        Extension
        
        Rotation
        
        Flexion
      - Shoulder and hip
- - - - Yellow Bone Marrow
        
        Fat Tissue: nutrient storage
        
        Can convert to red bone marrow if bone experiences catastrophic event
        
        Change from red to yellow around age 7
    - - Red Bone Marrow
        
        Ends of long bone/mostly flat bone
        
        As embryo/fetus
        
        Fills all spaces in bone until age 7
        
        As adult
        
        Found in vertebrae, coxal bones, sternum, rib, skull
        
        Gelatinous material
    - - Calcium
      - Phosphate
    - - Rib Cage (Thoracic Cavity)
      - Vertebra (Spinal Cord)
      - Cranium (brain)
    - - Framework for connection of soft tissues
        
        Tendons: muscle to bone
        
        Ligaments: bone to bone
  - - - Cells
      - Extracellular Matrix
        
        Collagen (strength & flexibility)
    - - Hardness
      - Resists Compression
      - Mineral
  - - - Made of Osteons pack together
      - Central Canal
        
        Blood Vessels/Nerves
        
        Perforating Canal (central canal to central canal)
      - Periosteum (surrounds bone)
    - - No Osteons
      - Trabeculae
      - Osteocyte
      - Extracellular Matrix (collagen + osteocyte)
      - Red Bone Marrow
      - Yellow Bone Marrow
      - Endosteum (found at ends of long bones and inside all other bones)
    - - Short Bone (cube shaped): carpals
      - Flat Bone (flat?): parietal bone
      - Long Bone (longer than wide): humerus
        
        Components
        
        Periosteum
        
        Outer Layer: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
        
        Inner Layer: cellular layer
        
        Osteogenic, bone creation/formation
        
        Medullary Cavity: covers spongy bone, inside diaphysis
        
        Epiphyseal Plate/Line: separates end and shaft
        
        Endosteum
        
        Articular Cartilage: at ends of epiphyses, on condyle
        
        no perichondrium
        
        avascular
        
        very poor at repairing itself
        
        Nutrient Artery
        
        Diaphysis (shaft): middle of bone
        
        Sharpey's Fibers: holds periosteum tightly to bone like fish hooks
        
        Epiphyses (proximal and distal): ends of bone
      - Irregular Bone (odd-shaped): vertebra
    - - Osteoclast
        
        Made from Leukoctyes
        
        Form one big cell (multinucleate)
        
        Have Microvilli
        
        Breakdown bone tissue (resorption)
        
        Secrete enzymes
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Breakdown organic portion
        
        Inorganic go back to blood
      - Canaliculus(i)
        
        Tunnel connects osteocyte to osteocyte
        
        Gap Junction
      - Osteogenic Cells (stem cells)
        
        Located in periosteum and endosteum
        
        Turns into osteoblast or stays as stem cell
        
        Osteoblast: makes exctracellular matrix
        
        Osteocyte: mature cell
        
        Found in lacunae
        
        Maintains bone tissue
    - - Periosteum grows new bone oustide
        
        Bone deteriorates in medullary cavity
        
        Apositional Growth (width)
      - Epiphyseal Plate
        
        Place where/how bone grows long (length)