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Skeletal System (Skeletal system/tissues (Long Bone Components (Epiphyseal…

- - - - Supports and has soft tissue connections
      - Tendons connect bone to muscle
      - Ligaments connect bone to bone
    - - Example: Cranium protects brain
    - - In bone marrow
      - Makes thrombocytes, erythrocytes, and leukocytes
    - - From adipose tissue in yellow marrow
  - - - Minerals like Ca and P in the extracellular matrix give solidification
      - Extracellular matrix
        
        Contains fibers, specifically collagen fibers, for flexibility and strength
        
        Cells (explained above)
        
        Ground substance
    - - Dense regular connective tissue proper
      - Connect bone to muscle
    - - Connect bone to bone
      - Dens regular connective tissue proper
    - - Hyaline Cartilage
      - Fibrocartilage
      - Elastic Cartilage
  - - - Contains trabeculae
        
        Trabeculae covered in endosteum
      - Filled with red bone marrow
      - Collagen present
    - - Hard, solid white bone surrounds bone on outside
      - Periosteum superficial to compact bone
  - - - Marks the end of bone growth
      - Was an epiphyseal plate that become line
    - - Lined with endosteum
    - - Composed of hyaline cartilage
      - At the ends of long bone
    - - Supply bone with oxygen and nutrients
  - - - Gelatinous tissue
      - Place of blood cell formation
    - - Composed of adipose tissue
      - For nutrient and energy storage
  - - - In periosteum and endosteum of bone
      - Make osteoblasts
    - - Secrete ground substance and fibers (ECM)
      - Becomes osteocyte
    - - In lacuna in spongy and compact bone
      - Maintain healthy bone tissue
    - - Fusion of leukocytes
      - Multinucleate and large
      - Mobile
      - Has microvilli
      - Secretes enzyme and is phagocytic
      - Digests organic cellular materials; inorganic goes to blood
- - - - Skull only; no movement
    - - Bundles of dense regular connective tissue
      - Example: Distal tibiofibular
      - Little movement
    - - Where tooth meets alveolus
      - No movement
      - Example: Periodontal ligaments
  - - - Composed of hyaline cartilage
      - Located in epiphyseal plate and the joint between the first rib and manubrium
      - Immovable
    - - Located in pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints
      - Has hyaline cartilage on ends of connecting bones with fibrocartilage between the hyaline cartilage
      - Slightly moveable
  - - - Superficial layer is dense irregular connective tissue (continuous with periosteum)
      - Deep layer is areolar connective tissue or the synovial membrane (not at the ends of bones)
    - - Contains synovial fluid
        
        Acts as lubricant, reduces shock, cushions/nourishes articular cartilage
    - - Joint capsules without joints.
      - Has synovial membrane and fluid
      - It is a fibrous sac and has dense irregular connective tissue
      - Located where skin touches bone, tendon/ligament touches bone, muscle touches bone. Is in many locations like knees and elbows.
    - - Specialized bursa
      - Flat sac rolled about tendon. In wrists, ankles, and toes.
  - - - Gliding movement (nonaxial)
      - In intercarpal, intertarsal, and between vertebral articular surfaces
    - - In elbow and interphalangeal joints
      - Action: Flexion and extension
      - Uniaxial movement
    - - In elbow, head of radius in radial notch
      - In proximal radioulnar, atlantoaxial joint
      - For rotational pivot action, uniaxial movement
    - - Action: Flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
      - In metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints and wrist joints
      - Biaxial movement
    - - In carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
      - Biaxial movement
      - Action: Flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
    - - Most common and gives most movement
      - In shoulder joints and hip joints
      - Action: Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation
      - Multiaxial movement
- - - - Allows for mobility
    - - Example: Sphincters
    - - Stabilizes joints and helps give form
  - - - Creates tension by pulling on an attachment point via the proteins actin and myosin
    - - Can stretch without damage
    - - Responds to stimuli
      - Produces electric current
    - - Can recoil and return to original shape
  - - - Around a muscle fiber/cell
      - Mostly reticular fibers (reticular connective tissue), a loose connective tissue
      - Contains blood vessels
    - - Around a fascicle (fibers/cells in a bundle)
      - Dense irregular connective tissue
      - Some blood vessels run along it
    - - Around each muscle organ (many fascicles)
      - Dense irregular connective tissue
    - - Dense irregular connective tissue
      - Around several muscle organs
  - - - Plasma membrane of muscle fiber/cell
    - - Cytoplasm of muscle fiber/cell
    - - Invaginated part of sarcolemma that forms a tube/opening in muscle
      - Has lumen; They are around myofibrils
    - - A mesh-like smooth endoplasmic reticulum between T tubules about each myofibril in sarcoplasm.
      - Terminal cisterns
        
        Where sarcoplasmic reticulum connects tightly at T tubules
        
        Store calcium
    - - The long tubes in a muscle fiber/cell
      - These are muscle cell/fiber organelles
      - Sarcomere
        
        Basic unit of contraction
      - Has Z-disc
      - Thin filament of actin
      - Thick filament of myosin
      - I band at end of sarcomere
      - Has an M line
      - Has A band and H zone
    - - Produce energy/ATP