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Chapter 4-6 (Chapter4: Police (History of Policing in America (Federal…

- - - - Political Era (1842-1920- Corruption. Professional Era (1920-1970) Merit. Community Era (1970-present)- CP, P-OP. New Era- Evidence Based Policing: If you don't track or write it then you don't have evidences.
    - - Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), U.S. Marshals Services, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Forearms, & Explosives. (ATF), Department of Homeland security, Secret Service, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and National Park Service (NPS).
      - State Agencies
        
        Highway Patrol, State Police, Focus on areas without police protection or where local police need assistance, Major roadways, and Drug interdiction.
        
        Local Agencies
        
        County Level Sheriff Departments- Police function in rural areas, Officer of the court, and Operate jails. County Level- Municipal-Police function within city areas, and some areas have consolidated the county & municipal policing function. Ex: IMPD.
        
        Special Jurisdiction
        
        Native American Tribal Police, College campuses, County parks, and Department of Natural Resources.
- - - - Situational awareness, Benign can become dangerous, Always on high alert, and May be perceived as hostile; confrontational.
      - Implicit Bias
        
        Attitudes or stereotypes that effect our understanding, actions, & decisions in an unconscious manner.
        
        Authority
        
        Must establish authority, and Balance between authority & respect.
        
        Morality
        
        Values that motivate or justifies actions-whether legal or otherwise, Upholding law, Protecting society, and Taking "bad" people off the streets.
        
        Isolation
        
        Encouraged by perception that public is hostile towards officers, Us vs. Them, Interaction with public is primarily during crisis, and Difficulty separating work & home.
        
        Stress
        
        External, Organizational, Personal, and Operational.
        
        Police Wellness
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Nature of crime, Relationship between victim & alleged perpetrator, Relationship between police & Victim/Perpetrator, Race ethnicity, age, gender, class, Department policy, and Police using force.
      - What is excessive use of "Force"?
        
        Using a level of force than is necessary. Having a pattern of using force more often than not.
        
        Police corruption
        
        Grass Eaters Vs. Meat Eaters
        
        Passive (Grass Eaters)- Once in a while will take smaller issues to their advantage=bribery.
        
        Active (Meat Eaters)- Is a larger issues & are really actively seeking it.
        
        Battling Corruption
        
        Culture change, Internal affairs, Civilian review, Accreditation, and Lawsuits.
- - - - Foundation of Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) & Messiah v. U.S. (1964). Miranda only applies to custodial interrogations (Loss of liberty; isolation). Public safety exception.
      - The Exclusionary Rule
        
        Principle that illegally obtained evidence must be excluded from trail. Results from Weeks v. U.S. (1914); incorporated via Mapp v. Ohio (1961).
        
        Exceptions
        
        "Good faith" exception- U.S. v. Leon *(1984); Police acted "in honest reliance on a defective statute, a warrant improperly issued... or a consent to search by someone who lacked authority."
        
        "Inevitable Discovery"- Nix v. Williams (1977); Can be used if evidence would later have been inevitably discovered without the improper action of the police which led to the evidence.
- - - - Fifth- Self incrimination.
        
        Sixth- Right to counsel
    - - Private Security- Needed for immediate emergency, protection.
      - Why Now?
        
        Increase in work place crime, Increase in fear of crime, Fiscal crises of state/local govt., Increase awareness of service provision, and Cost effectiveness of privatization.
        
        Variety of Functions
        
        Data management & protection, Emergency management functions, Investigations, and Patrol.
        
        Use of police officers
        
        Department contract model, Officer contract model, and Union brokerage model.