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culture (Alternative Views of People as Independent or Interdependent…
culture
Alternative Views of People as Independent or Interdependent
individualistic view
there are sharp boundaries between people, with each person being a complete unit
people are considered to be independent
The individualistic view of people as independent units leads to emphasis on a range of self-oriented values and skills that support independent living
collectivistic view
is that people are not separate units, but rather are part and parcel of a larger group
people are interdependent
the collectivistic view of people as interdependent leads to emphasis on group-oriented values and skills that contribute to effectively filling roles within the family or other group
Americans develop a kind of “shared identity” when they cheer together for the same sports team. When they identify a part of themselves with the team, they tend to feel a bond with each other and experience similar emotions of joy, pride and sadness
Shame and Guilt
People are likely to feel shame or guilt if they do poorly in competition or behave in ways that others criticize
people with an individualistic orientation tend to view themselves as being more in control of their own lives, they may be more likely to blame themselves and feel shame or guilt if they do not meet expectations
people with a collectivistic orientation are more likely to identify strongly with their family or some other group, they tend to be more likely to feel shame or guilt if their behavior is judged to bring disgrace on the group
Interaction Style
Norms vary a great deal across cultures for the distance at which people feel comfortable talking to each other or for appropriate touching
interaction norms depend on people’s social status.
many Pacific Island, American Indian, and Asian children are raised to look away when talking to social superiors, because looking someone in the eye is equated with being disrespectful or challenging authority. However, American mainstream educators may interpret looking away as being inattentive or disrespectful.
Context
consist of the physical, social, political, and historical structures in which the communication occurs
High context cultures look to a lot of cultural cues to determine how they should behave and how to interpret meaning
High context cultures are typically collectivist
. High context cultures are typically less direct in their communication
Low context cultures don’t rely on contextual cues as much to govern their choices in behavior or interpreting meaning.
Low context cultures are individualistic
and Low context cultures are much more direct which makes sense if there is more room for interpretation low context cultures need to be more to the point
Race
Ethnicity refers to a person’s or people’s heritage and history, and involves shared cultural traditions and beliefs
Nationality refers to a person’s nation-state of residence or where he/she holds citizenship.
we have socially constructed what we know to be race; meaning we have decided and communicated what we think race is through our institutions like media, family, government and schools
Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Values
a culture oriented to individualism might highly value being able to work independently, while a culture oriented to collectivism might highly value being able to work as part of a group
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory
framework for cross-cultural communication
Individual Choice and Personal Responsibility
In collectivistic cultures, the ideals of individual choice and free will are less likely to be highly valued, and less emphasis may be placed on personal responsibility for outcomes.
People in individualistic cultures may be allowed or even encouraged to make choices based on what is best individually
People in individualistic cultures may be allowed or even encouraged to make choices based on what is best individually
people in collectivistic cultures are more likely to be expected to give priority to what is best for the group
Competitiveness
Collectivistic cultures are more likely to emphasize cooperation among group members as the basis for success in competition with other groups, whether at the level of the family, business, or nation
Americans are often considered too competitive and focused on material rewards
Privilege
The most significant manifestation of these intersections is power— The ability to influence another or to limit choice
Those in power consciously or unconsciously create and maintain communication systems that reflect, reinforce, and promote their own ways of thinking and communicating
Those that have power define, and those that define have power. Involuntary power is your age, ethnicity, gender, physical ability, race, sexual orientation
Privilege refers to the power of dominant groups
Decision-Making
In traditional collectivistic cultures, there is likely to be a social hierarchy based on gender, birth order, and/or age.
Decisions by authority figures in collectivist cultures are likely to be obeyed with less questioning than is typical in individualistic cultures
class
socioeconomic standing is “your understanding of the world and where you fit in; it’s composed of ideas, behaviors, attitudes, values, and language; class is how you think, feel, act, look, dress, talk, move, walk”
Ethnocentrism
placing one’s own culture and the corresponding beliefs, values, and behaviors in the center; in a position where it is seen as normal and right, and evaluating all other cultural systems against it.
referring to belief systems, values, and behaviors that support a particular ideology or social arrangement