Negotiate access and research ethics
Gaining access
types of access
traditional access: face to face or data archives
internet-mediated access: use computer of internet technology to questionnair, discussions, experiment or interview
intranet-mediated access: like internet but as a member of the organisation
hybrid access: traditional + internet
Level of access
Physical access: difficult because it requires effort from organization and gatekeeper/blocker (no benefits, topic is sensitive, question your competence and credibility)
Continuing process (not one event): because access is iterative and incremental process and you may seek further data for another part of the research
Cognitive access: physical access is granted in a formal manner so you need trust acceptance and consent
intrusive method: more than one occasion in long time
negotiate access: gain personal entry and have cognitive access
Issues of being internal resesarcher: still access: status of researcher to gain cognitive access could cause suspicious because unclear intention, purpose of research -> must clarify
Issues of being external researcher: negotiate access at each level, rely on goodwill -> must communicate competence and integration, importance of research
Issues with internet-mediated acces
data quality and ethical issues
email and social network facilitate communication (still use traditional at first)
determine suitable way of negotiating access
- continuing bias. better success by meeting
- intrusive form, indepth interview, personal approach
key feasibility: ability to identify sample
Strategy of gaining access
Familiarise with the organization
Allow yourself sufficient time: +) pre-survey contact: if respondant are not people who grant you access -> hold explanatory meeting
Use existing contact or develop new one +) keep track record to help credibility for new ones +) new contact by indirect approach (trade union or network) or direct
Overcome organizational concerns:
- sensitivity of topic
- confidential of data and anonymity of organization
Benefits to organization?
- non-threatening and non-judgemental environment -> summary report for those granted you access
- contract: broader form of report, nature and depth of analysis and confidentiality
Use suitable language: not patronizing, threatening or boring
Facilitate replies when request access
Develop access incrementally:
1) request to conduct interview
2) negotiate access for observation
3) permission for audio record interactions
4) gain access to some data and further request
Establish your credibility: report progress -> might get further access
Research ethis and why should act ethically
Research ethics: standart of behavior in relation to the rights of your subjects
Accompany by social norms: indicator of types of behavior to adopt in specific situations
2 conflicting theories:
deotological view: must follow rules, can't be justified
teleological view: dudcing whether justified or not by consequences not predetermined claims
code of ethics: to overcome ethical dilemma because there are many social norms at once
is a list of principle
Research ethics committee: every uni have one
General categories of ethical issues and formlation of principle to recognize and overcome or minimise those
code of ethics: non-maleficence. avoid poor practices beneficience, promote ethical practices
General ethical issues:
- scope for deception
- lack of respect and cause harm
- respecting privacy
- nature of participants and scope to withdraw
- informal consent
- confidentiality of data and anonymity of participants
- analysis of data and reporting findings: consent before using it
- management of data: data protection legislation
- safety of researcher
netiquette: standard to encourage courtesy avoid poorly worded cause unfriendly or unclear purpose
Ethical issues at specific stage of research
Gaining access
continum start with complete lack of consent: participant fear being deceived
through inferred consent: participant want control over data collected, analysed, stored, reported
informed consent: participant are informed and ask question anytime
participant need to be aware of the information asked -> information sheet ( requirement and implication of participants/nature of research/how data are used/who to contact)
consent form: clarify consent in written agreement
During data collection
Participant right:
- can withdraw anytime/researcher must stick to the aim/ can't ask question cause harm or intrude privacy
- can't observe personal behavior: habituation
- after observe: debrief (what occured and for what reason)
Principle of data protection and management
personal data: allow that person to be identified
click to edit