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Literature review structure (The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular…
Literature review structure
1) Why is Fg impartant on a global level
Food secutiry
get some stats
Problem of fungal pathogens :check:
Issue of fungal resistance :check:
Importance of creals
Humans and cattle :check:
2) What is fg?
Highlight the importace of mytotoxins
Concentrate on only its effect in creals - ignore oats, barley, maize, ect
Talk about FHB, what it is
3) Target genes
Included table of genes of importace
Predict their function
Relate there importace in other models
Aspergiullus
Canidada
Saccromyces
4) ZInc
Importance of zinc in canidia and asp
Metal ion contributions to virilance
Iron importnace - simular process to Zn
Not much info on Zn in plants
USe mamaialn model and adpat/ predict to plants
5) Hypothses
"The imporance of zinc aquistion to funal plant pathogens"
6) What we hope to gain
Knowledge to adapt a biotechnilogical approch against Fg invasion
Ways to reduce the use of limted funcidges, by providing a potentailly supiror alternative
How it infects
life cycle and reprouction (may not need to incude)
Resocures
Use reviews
Web of science/ web of knowledge to search
Add references as you go along (per paragraph/ section)
Use high impact journals
Plos, plnat scinece, nature, ect
Tables and figures are a great way to relate condensed information
Useful links
Neil Email
Louise reading map
web of science
Refernce folder of downloaded papers
The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology.
Dean R1, Van Kan JA,
Ascomycete
Ceral Pathogen
Am focusing on wheat
Fgco-exisists and co-infect with other species
Can infect in goriwng plants of after in storgae or transport when high mostiure content
Reduces gain quatily instead of lowering yeail by producing mycotoxins
Stict EU/ USA limits on mycotoxin levles in grain
AKA Fusarium head blight
Produces trichotheceen mycotoxins
DON deoxynivalenol
acerylated DON dervitives
Nivalenol
Phytoestrogen zearalenone
DOn binds to the peptidyl transferase protein in the ribsome and inhibits protein trnalstion
Different chemotyopes (natrual isolates) produce different mycotoxin types
Hard to control
ristance speice are only partailly effective and QLT based (
quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a locus (section of DNA) which correlates with variation of a quantitative trait in the phenotype
Azole fungiced effective but hard to apply
Not planting cereals consectutively and ploughing infected soil is good way to control and reduce the pressure or the disease
Increasedinfection now into non-cerels due tot he crop roation
Genomics
When aligned to a genetic map, a ‘two‐speed’ genome is recognized, with discrete regions of high recombination and high single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located near telomeres and in the middle of the four large chromosomes
Genome lacks repettive sequences, low levels fo dupliacted geens and high level of polymorophisum between strains
The production of DON mycotoxin contributes to disease formation on wheat floral tissue (Proctor et al., 1995). In the absence of DON, strong host defence responses are activated in the rachis and hyphal colonization is restricted to the florets
DON synthesis is tightly regulated by at least three transcription factors: TRI6, TRI10 and TRI15. An additional 160 pathogenicity/virulence factors are now recognized to contribute to cereal floral infection, with the majority functioning post‐penetration
Infection
Sympotemless infection phasae when hyphae advance extracelluulay between living host cells
High TRI gene expression is detected at the advancing front and diminishes thereafter
Host cells only dies on t=intrecelluer hyphal invasion - degraduation of plant cell wall is very late in the infection process
F gra usees a stealth approcach in fection
A simplified three‐phase model of the Fusarium graminearum (Fg) infection process through wheat rachis tissue. At the advancing hyphal front, deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin inhibits protein translation, which greatly suppresses the burst of plant defence responses (depicted in blue). Once hyphae enter the plant cells, the presence of the released proteins and sugars and the high density of fungal hyphae lead to a strong activation of plant defence responses. Later, within the lesion centre (>10 days), the cellular contents of fungal cells residing deep within the dead cortical tissue are relocated to the hyphae just below the rachis epidermis and asexual sporulation then occurs.
Zinc
Zinc Acquisition: A Key Aspect in Aspergillus fumigatus
Virulence
Fungi must obstian zinc form sorroudning tissues
Zinc is in lower conc in sorrounding tissuses than fungi needs as bound to proitens
Fungi have zinc transporters to allow effienct uptake under limiting condtions
These trnasporters have different roles
Talk about aspergiullus role and predicted fusarium roles
Regulation of zice homeostasis and aquitions is promisisng tragert for new antifungals
Micronuterint essentail for growth or microorgansisums