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Behaviorist Views of Learning: (Classical Conditioning: form of learning…
Behaviorist Views of Learning:
Behaviorism: perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships
Stimulus (S): specific object or event that influences an individual's learning or behavior
Response (R): specific behavior that an individual exhibits
Assumptions:
People's behaviors are largely the result of their experiences with stimuli in their immediate environments
Learning involves a behavior change
Learning involves forming associations among stimuli and responses
Learning is most likely to take place when stimuli and responses occur close together in time
Many species learn in similar ways
Conditioning: specific environmental events leading to the acquisition of specific responses
Contiguity: occurrence of two or more events at approximately the same time
Classical Conditioning: form of learning in which a new, involuntary response is acquired as a result of two stimuli being presented close together in time
unconditioned stimulus: elicits a particular response without prior learning
unconditioned response: response that is elicited by a particular stimulus without prior learning
neutral stimulus: does not elicit any particular response
conditioned stimulus: stimulus that begins to elicit a particular response through classical conditioning
conditioned response: response that begins to be elicited by a particular stimulus through classical conditioning
Common Phenomena
Generalization: response in a similar way to a similar stimuli
Extinction: gradual disappearance of an acquired response
The response is involuntary**
Pairs two stimuli (UCS, CS)
Instrumental Conditioning: learning process in which a response either increases or decreases as a result of being followed by either reinforcement or punishment
Reinforcers: consequence of a response that increases the frequency of the response it follows
Punishment: consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows
Operant Conditioning: learning process in which a response increases as a result of being followed by reinforcement
Contingency: situation in which one event happens only after another event has already occurred
Reinforcement:
Primary (satisfies a biologically built-in-need) vs. Secondary (becomes reinforcing through its association with another reinforcer)
Positive (increase in behavior through presentation of a stimulus- concrete, social, activity, token, positive feedback) vs. Negative (increase in behavior through the removal of a stimulus)
Extrinsic reinforcer: comes from the outside environment, rather than from within the learner
Intrinsic Reinforcer: provided by the learner or inherent in the task being performed
Delay of Gratification: ability to forego small, immediate reinforcers in order to obtain larger ones later on
Punishment:
Presentation punishment: involving presentation of a new stimulus, presumably unpleasant
Removal punishment: involving the removal of an existing stimulus, presumably something the learner doesn't want to lose
Effective Punishments: verbal reprimands, response cost, logical consequences, positive-practice overcorrection, time-out, in-school suspension
Ineffective punishments: physical, psychological, extra classwork, out-of-school suspension
Encouraging Productive Behaviors:
Use reinforcement effectively: specify desired behaviors, reinforce desired behaviors, make response-consequence contingencies explicit, use group contingencies, monitor student's progress
Shaping new behaviors: process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximation to a desired terminal behavior
Bringing antecedent stimuli: cueing, setting events, generalization, discrimination, behavioral momentum
Discouraging Undesirable Behaviors:
create conditions for extinction, cueing inappropriate behaviors, reinforcing incompatible behaviors, using punishment when necessary
Applied behaviors analysis: systematic application of behaviorist principles in educational and therapeutic settings
Functional Analysis: examination of inappropriate behavior and its antecedents and consequences to determine one or more purposes that the behavior might serve for the learner