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Culture (Identity and Culture (Privilege: power— The ability to influence…
Culture
Identity and Culture
Race: A biological construction of race claims that “pure” races existed and could be distinguished by such physical features as eye color and shape, skin color, and hair. Moreover, these differences could be traced back to genetic differences.
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Class:your understanding of the world and where you fit in; it’s composed of ideas, behaviors, attitudes, values, and language; class is how you think, feel, act, look, dress, talk, move, walk”
Privilege: power— The ability to influence another or to limit choices. When referencing systems, groups with the most power determine the communication system of an entire society.
Privilege refers to the power of dominant groups. It is the unearned access to often invisible resources and benefits based on social group membership.
Ethnicity :Ethnicity refers to a person’s or people’s heritage and history, and involves shared cultural traditions and beliefs.
Nationality:Nationality refers to a person’s nation-state of residence or where he/she holds citizenship.
Individualism
Individualism on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups and seen as interdependent or independent.
Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Values
collectivistic
view is that people are not separate units, but rather are part and parcel of a larger group.
For example: “The person is not an individual in our Western sense of the term. The person is instead a locus of shared biographies: personal histories of people’s relationships with other people and with other things. The relationship defines the person, not vice-versa”
In American individualism, the ideal is for all people to be able to freely make their own decisions.
In individualistic cultures, it is more likely that children are encouraged to form and express opinions and to seek knowledge at a pace they self-determine.
In collectivistic cultures, the ideals of individual choice and free will are less likely to be highly valued, and less emphasis may be placed on personal responsibility for outcomes.
Traditional collectivistic cultures, however, may not place a strong value on this kind of progress.
Collectivistic cultures are more likely to emphasize cooperation among group members as the basis for success in competition with other groups, whether at the level of the family, business, or nation.
people with a collectivistic orientation are more likely to identify strongly with their family or some other group, they tend to be more likely to feel shame or guilt if their behavior is judged to bring disgrace on the group.
In some collectivistic cultures, great importance is placed on maintaining the family reputation by not shaming it.
In collectivistic cultures, by contrast, people are more likely to adopt an appearance appropriate for their social status, with less concern for expressing what makes them unique as individuals.
In many collectivistic cultures it is especially likely that younger or socially lower people are expected to behave in a respectful and obedient way when interacting with older or people of higher social rank.
In collectivistic cultures, expectations tend to fall at the interdependent end of the continuum
individualistic
view is that there are sharp boundaries between people, with each person being a complete unit.
It leads to emphasis on a range of self-oriented values and skills that support independent living.
An traditional collectivistic cultures, there is likely to be a social hierarchy based on gender, birth order, and/or age.
In many collectivistic cultures, people of high social status may be seen as holding important cultural and technological knowledge.
American individualism highly values the freedom to choose for oneself. People are assumed to have free will, and from an early age they may be reminded that each choice has consequences for which they will be held personally responsible.
Everyone’s individual efforts combined are expected to generate progress at the national level as well, especially in terms of a higher standard of living.
In American individualism, people can show that they have valued characteristics–such as mastery of certain skills or being able to perform under pressure
people with an individualistic orientation tend to view themselves as being more in control of their own lives, they may be more likely to blame themselves and feel shame or guilt if they do not meet expectations.
In American mainstream culture families also take care of their own, however, often people feel they should take care of their own needs and only turn to their families as a “last resort.”
American mainstream culture promotes self-expression.
Common tendencies in American individualism include directly raising topics or issues, freely expressing personal opinions, and asking personal questions, even of strangers.
In individualistic cultures, expectations tend to fall at the independent end of the continuum
Context
Context is neither static nor objective, and it can be multi- layered. Context may consist of the physical, social, political, and historical structures in which the communication occurs.
Low context
cultures are individualistic. There is an emphasis on independence and individuality, which means individuals are free to interpret messages in a variety of ways.
Association:Relationships begin and end quickly. Many people can be inside one's circle; circle's boundary is not clear.
Interaction:Low use of nonverbal elements. Message is carried more by words than by nonverbal means.
Territoriality:Space is compartmentalized and privately owned; privacy is important, so people are farther apart.
Temporality: Things are scheduled to be done at particular times, one thing at a time. What is important is that activity is done efficiently.
Learning:Learning occurs by following explicit directions and explanations of others.
The degree to which we use context to interpret messages is related to individualism and collectivism.
High context
cultures are typically collectivist.
Association: Relationships depend on trust, build up slowly, are stable.
Interaction:High use of nonverbal elements; voice tone, facial expression, gestures, and eye movement carry significant parts of conversation.
Territoriality:Space is communal; people stand close to each other, share the same space.
Temporality: Everything has its own time. Time is not easily scheduled; needs of people may interfere with keeping to a set time.
Learning:Learning occurs by first observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing.
When we talk about culture we are referring to belief systems, values, and behaviors that support a particular ideology or social arrangement
Both lead to contrasting sets of values.
independent
interdependent
People in individualistic cultures may be allowed or even encouraged to make choices based on what is best individually, while people in collectivistic cultures are more likely to be expected to give priority to what is best for the group.
Shame and Guilt
Shame and Guilt
Competitiveness
Competitiveness
Concepts of Progress
Concepts of Progress
Individual Choice and Personal Responsibility
Individual Choice and Personal Responsibility
Knowledge Transmission
Knowledge Transmission
Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Orientation to Self or Group
Orientation to Self or Group
Help Seeking
Help Seeking
Expression of Identity
Expression of Identity
Interaction Style
Interaction Style
Expectations for Adulthood
Expectations for Adulthood
Ethnocentrism—placing one’s own culture and the corresponding beliefs, values, and behaviors in the center; in a position where it is seen as normal and right, and evaluating all other cultural systems against it.
Personal Connections paragraph:
When I was a child, my family always tell me to study hard so that the family will be proud of me. And family elders are all highly respected. Furthermore, my family elder will decide which school I should go, which behavior I can't do. This is kind of collectivistic view. For another example, when I was at elementary school, my friends and other group of boys never make friend with each other. Because the relationship between the boys had already been stable, it was like a circle. This is kind of high context association.