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Structure of Woody Plants (Vascular Cambium (Fusiform Initials (Produces…
Structure of Woody Plants
Vascular Cambium
Initiation
Fasicular Cambium
Cells Continue to Divide
Cells Between Metaxylem and Metaphloem
Must Be Extended Each Year
Only Two Cell Types
Fusiform Initials
Ray Initials
Interfasicular Cambium
Mature Parenchyma Cells Resume Mitosis
Connects to Fasicular Cambium on Both Sides
Between Vascular Bundles
Only When Cambium is Young
Produces Secondary Plant Body
Fusiform Initials
Long, Tapered Cells
Produces Two Elongate Cells
One is a Fusiform Initial
Differentiates into Secondary Xylem or Phloem
One Always Remains a Cambium
Periclinal Division
Cambial Cells
Produce Narrow Daughter Cells
Inside Cells Increase in Diameter
Thin, Primary Walls
Ray Initials
Short and Cuboidal
Produce Short Cells
Storage Parenchyma
Albuminous Cells
Arrangement of Cambial Cells
Ray Initials
Short Vertical Rows
One Cell Wide
Uniseriate
Two Cells Wide
Biseriate
Many Cells Wide
Multiseriate
Fusiform Initilals
Regular Horizontal Rows
Storied Cambium
Advanced Eudicot Species
Irregular Horizontal Rows
Nonstoried Cambium
Ray to Fusiform Ratio Constant
Secondary Xylem
Wood Cell Types
Secondary Xylem
Wood
Same Cells as Primary Xylem
Axial System
Derived from Fusiform Initials
Tracheary Elements
Longitudinal Water Conduction
Temporary Water Reservoir
Contains Fibers
Hardwoods
No Fibers
Softwoods
Complexity Varies
Radial System
Develops from Ray Initials
Typically Simple
Contains Only Parenchyma
Arranged as Rays
Store Carbohydrates in Dormancy
Upright Cells
Direct Contact with Axial Cells
Procumbent Cells
No Direct Contact with Axial Cells
Ray Tracheids
Horizontal, Rectangular Cells
Growth Rings
Vascular Cambium Quiescent During Stress
Winter
Active When Ceased
Early Wood
Spring Wood
Lots of Wide Vessels or Tracheids
Late Wood
Thickened Cuticle
Less Transpiration
Lower Number of Vessels
Larger and Heavier
Year Older
Needs More Strength
Also Called Annual Ring
Marks Year of Growth
Heartwood and Sapwood
Heartwood
Dark Center of Log
Drier and Fragrant
Due to Water Column Breakage and Tylosis Covering
Wider With Age
Sapwood
Lighter, Outer region
One Ring Converted a Year to Heartwood
New Layer Formed Each Year
Tylosis
Acts as a Plug
Reaction Wood
Responds to Stress
Tension Wood
Upper Side of Branch
Angiosperms
Eccentric Growth Rings
Gelatinous Fibers
Prevent Drooping
Compression Wood
Conifers
Underside of Branch
Growth Rings are Wide
Lignin Enriched
Less Cellulose
Secondary Phloem
Formed from Vascular Cambium
Axial System
Conduction Up and Down Stem/Root
Sieve Tube Members and Companion Cells
Angiosperms
Sieve Cells
Conifers
Fibers and Nonconducting Parenchyma
Innermost Layer Conducts
Phloem Rays
Storage Parenchyma Cells
Outer Bark
Cork and Cork Cambium
Cork Cambium
Phellogen
Cuboidal Cells Only
Outer Cells Become Cork Cells
Phellem Cells
Die After Maturation
Phelloderm
Parenchyma Layer
Periderm
Cork Cambium, Cells, and Periderm
Impermeable Layer
Typically Short Lived
New Ones Must Form
Outer Bark
Tissues Outside Innermost Cork Cambium
Inner Back
Secondary Phloem
Between Vascular and Innermost Cork Cambium
Lenticels and Oxygen Diffusion
Cork Makes Oxygen Absorption Difficult
Lenticels
Allow Diffusion for Oxygen
Intercellular Spaces Between Rounded Cells
Outer and Inner Lenticels are Aligned
Permits Diffusion Across all Layers
Lots of Cell Layers
Located at Base of Cracks
Cork Cambia Initiation
Timing is Variable
May Arise in Different Tissues
Secondary Growth in Roots
Conifers and Woody Angiosperms
New Vascular Cambium Arises
Becomes Round
Ray and Fusiform Initials
Perennial Roots Form Bark
Cork Cambium Arises in Pericycle
Produces Cork Cells on Outside
Lenticels Occur
Analogous Forms of Growth
Analomous Secondary Growth
Alternative Cambia Produce Secondary Bodies
Roots of Sweet Potatoes
Storage Parenchyma Numbers Increased
Numerous Vascular Cambias
Speeds Up Storage Capacity
Included Phloem
No Cambium Present
Oldest Phloem Becomes Cambium
Protects Phloem from Dangers
Unequal Vascular Cambium Activity
Two Active Sectors
Two Inactive Sectors
Stem Becomes Thing and Flat
Gives Flexibility
Monocot Secondary Growth
Joshua Trees and Dragon Trees
Vascular Cambium Outside of Vascular Bundles
Produces Only Parenchyma Cells
Secondary Vascular Bundles
Unusual Primary Growth
Palm Trees
Trunks Don't Taper at Ends
All Primary Tissue
No Vascular Cambium
No Radial Growth
Strong, Heavy Fibers Surround Vascular Bundles
Numerous Adventitious Roots
Allows Trunk Growth and Leaf Production
Establishment Growth
