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Structural systems (Skeletal System / Tissue (Functions (Supportive…

- - - - Stem cells which divide to become osteoblasts and stem cells in periosteum and endosteum.
    - - Immature bone cells which produce extracellular matrix and mature into osteocytes.
    - - Mature bone cells. Maintain bone tissue.
    - - Originate from leukocytes, multinucleated. Break down bone tissue and phagocytose.
  - - - Tightly packed osteons
      - Vascular
      - Largely surrounded by periosteum (DICT)
    - - Located in the ends of all bones, present in all bone types
      - Trabeculae comprised of osteocytes, osteoclasts, and extracellular matrix
      - Location of red bone marrow
      - Trabeculae covered in endosteum
  - - - Ends of bone, covered in hyaline cartilage
      - Epiphyseal lines
        
        Origin of bone growth which hardens and becomes dense
    - - Middle of bone, hollow, medullary cavity for marrow. Endosteum covering trabeculae
  - - - Gelatinous material in ends of bones. Generates red blood cells.
    - - Fat storage in medullary cavity of bones
- - - - Movement of bones
        
        Largely skeletal muscle tissue
      - Movement of blood in heart
        
        Largely cardiac muscle tissue
      - Movement of contents of hollow organs
        
        Largely smooth muscle tissue
  - - - Create force by pulling on attachment point
    - - Allow stimulus response
      - Electrical signal
    - - Ability to stretch to a limit without damage
    - - Return to original shame after contraction
  - - - Surrounds each muscle fiber
      - Reticular fibers
      - Space for small blood vessels
    - - Surrounds each fascicle
      - DICT
      - Vascular
    - - Holds many fascicles together
      - DICT
    - - Binds whole muscles together
      - DICT
  - - - Plasma membrane of muscle fiber
      - Impulses run along this toward t-tubules
    - - Organelles which makes up large part of muscle fiber
      - Made of sarcomeres
        
        Unit of contraction, lie in sequence
        
        Thin filament
        
        Actin proteins, stationary
        
        Thick filament
        
        Myosin proteins, mobile
        
        Z-disc
        
        Anchor for filaments
        
        A-band
        
        Dark area encompassing bilateral thick filaments and associated thin filaments
        
        I band
        
        Light band centralized on z-disc
    - - Invagination of sacrolemma
      - wraps around myofibril
      - Relays impulses which run along sarcolemma to T-tubules
    - - Smooth ER
      - Run as a net around myofibrils
      - Store calcium
    - - Ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - Storage place for calcium
      - Adjacent to both sides of a T-Tubule
- - - - Interconnecting fibers
      - No movement
    - - Bundles of DRCT in carpals, tarsals
      - Minor movement
    - - Between teeth and alveoli
      - Periodontal ligaments, no movement
  - - - Epiphyseal plate in bone growth
        
        Hyaline cartilage, between 1st rib and manubrium
        
        No Movement
    - - Made of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage
        
        Pubic symphesis (Hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones, fibrocartilage disc between)
        
        Intervertebral discs
  - - - Synovial joint cavity surrounded by joint capsule (two layers)
      - Joint capsule is DICT on periosteum, continuous with superficial layer
      - Deep layer is synovial membrane
        
        Secretes synovial fluid
        
        Fluid acts as shock absorber and nourishes articular cartilage
      - Bursa
        
        Synovial fluid sac between bone and tendon or skin or muscle at high pressure points
    - - Plane joint
        
        Gliding movement
        
        Intercarpal, intertarsal, between vertebral articular surfaces
      - Hinge joint
        
        Flexion and extension
        
        Elbows, interphalangeal joints
      - Pivot joint
        
        Rotation
        
        Proximal radioulnar joints, axis + atlas
      - Condylar joint
        
        Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction
        
        Knuckles, wrists
      - Saddle joint
        
        Adduction, abduction, flexion and extension
        
        Thumbs
      - Ball and socket joint
        
        Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, lateral and medial rotation
        
        Shoulder, hip