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Skeletal System / Tissues / Joints / Skeletal Muscles (JOINTS (THE SIX…
Skeletal System / Tissues / Joints / Skeletal Muscles
BONE TISSUE
THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
PROTECTION: CRANIUM, RIB CAGE, VERTEBRAE (THESE ARE THE MAJOR ONES)
MINERAL STORAGE: CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE
MOVEMENT: WITH HELP FROM THE MUSCLES
BLOOD CELL FORMATION: RED BONE MARROW IS IN THE ENDS OF OUR LONG BONES AND IN (SOME) OF OUR FLAT BONES
SUPPORT: WE HANG OTHER THINGS ON OUR BONES. IT'S THE FRAMEWORK FOR CONNECTION OF SOFT TISSUE (TENDONS - MUSCLES TO BONES) AND (LIGAMENTS - BONE TO BONE)
THE MAJOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
BONE: IS CELLS AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
35% ORGANIC MATERIAL (CONTAINS CARBON) - CELLS AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (COLLAGEN IS IN THE EXTRA. MATRIX). IT'S TOUGH AND FLEXIBLE.
65% INORGANIC MATERIAL: MINERAL GIVES US A CHARACTERISTIC OF HARDNESS (RESISTS COMPRESSION).
SKELETAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF A LONG BONE: (page 129)
DIAPHYSIS: IN THE CENTER OF A LONG BONE.
EPIPHYSES: AT THE TWO ENDS OF A LONG BONE
BETWEEN THESE TWO PARTS OF AN ADULT LONG BONE IS THE EPIPHYSEAL LINE, AKA THE GROWTH PLATE.
RED AND YELLOW BONE MARROW
YELLOW BONE MARROW
YELLOW BONE MARROW (IT'S NOT REALLY YELLOW, IT'S WHITE IN COLOR) IS SIMPLY FAT. IT IS FOUND IN THE MEDULLARY CAVITY, OF THE SPONGY BONE.
RED BONE MARROW
HAS A 'GEL LIKE' APPEARANCE. AS A FETUS DEVELOPS UNTIL A CHILD IS AROUND 7 YEARS OF AGE, ALL THE PLACES INSIDE THEIR BONES IS FILLED WITH THIS MARROW. ONE OF THE GENERAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM IS BLOOD CELL FORMATION. THIS HAPPENS IN THE RED BONE MARROW (AT THE ENDS OF LONG BONES AND IN OUR FLAT BONES.
COMPACT BONE AND SPONGY BONE CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES: (page 129)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPACT BONE: IT'S THE OUTSIDE OF OUR BONES, AND IT IS SMOOTH AND HARD. ONE END IS CALLED THE PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS, AND THE OTHER END IS CALLED THE DISTAL EPIPHYSIS. THE PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS HAS ARTICULAR CARTILAGE, WITH SPONGY BONE ON THE INSIDE. THE PERIOSTEIUM COVERS THE OUTSIDE OF THE COMPACT BONE (EXCEPT ON THE EPIPHYSES). FEATURES: IS ABLE TO REPLACE ITSELF (EX. OUR FEMUR IS REPLACED EVERY 7 YEARS OR SO).
CHARACTERISTICS SPONGY BONE (AKA TRABECULAR BONE): THE INTERIOR OF MOST BONES, IS FILLED IN WITH SPONGY BONE. IN THE VERY CENTER OF THE SPONGY BONE, LIES THE MEDULLARY CAVITY, FILLED WITH YELLOW BONE MARROW. IT LOOKS VERY MUCH LIKE A HONEYCOMB. FEATURES: THE INSIDE OF THE SPONGY BONE IS REMODELED THROUGHOUT OUR LIFETIME.
TYPES OF BONE CELLS
OSTEOBLASTS
BONE-DEPOSITING CELLS. LOCATED IN THE PERIOSTEUM AND THE ENDOSTEUM. MAKES THE EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX. EVENTUALLY THE OSTEOBLAST BECOMES OUR OSTEOCYTE - HANGING OUT IN THE LACUNAE, AND MAINTAINING BONE TISSUE.
OSTEOCLASTS
RESORPTION OF BONE OCCURS BECAUSE OF THE OSTEOCLASTS. THE CELLS MOVE ALONG THE SURFACES OF OUR BONES AND CREATE PITS AS THEY BREAK DOWN THE TISSUE, THEY SECRETE MATERIAL AND IT DISSOLVES THE MINERAL PART OF OUR MATRIX.
OSTEOGENIC CELLS
STEM CELLS THAT EVENTUALLY CHANGE INTO BONE-FORMING OSTEOBLASTS. LOCATED IN THE PERIOSTEUM AND ALSO IN THE ENDOSTEUM.
OSTEOCYTES
KEEP THE BONE MATRIX HEALTHY. THEY ARE CREATED FROM A LEUKOCYTE (WHITE BLOOD CELL), THAT FORMS ONE BIG CELL. THEY ARE QUITE LARGE AND HAVE MICROVILLI. THEY BREAK DOWN BONE TISSUE. THEY SECRETE ENZYMES AND PERFORM PHAGOCYTOSIS.
JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
BONES ARE CONNECTED BY CARTILAGE
SYNCHONDROSES: HYALINE CARTILAGE IS THE SPECIFIC CARTILAGE THAT CONNECTS THE BONES. (EX. OF LOCATION: THE EPIPHSEAL PLATES)
SYMPHYSES: FIBROCARTILAGE IS THE SPECIFIC CARTILAGE THAT CONNECTS THE BONES HERE. (EX. OF LOCATION: INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS)
SYNOVIAL JOINT COMPONENTS
ARTICULAR DISC
BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS
FIBROUS JOINTS
BONES ARE CONNECTED BY FIBROUS JOINTS (MOSTLY DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE). MOST ARE UNABLE TO MOVE (OR MOVE JUST SLIGHTLY).
SYNDESMOSES (EX. THE LIGAMENT THAT CONNECTS THE FIBULA AND THE TIBIA).
GOMPHOSES (EX 'PEG IN SOCKET FIBROUS JOINT - LIKE THE SOCKETS WHERE OUR TEETH FIT INTO, IN THE AVEOLAR PROCESS)
SUTURES (FOUND IN THE SKULL)
THE SIX STRUCTURAL TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS (PAGE 211-212)
ARTICULAR CAPSULE
SYNOVIAL FLUID
JOINT (ARTICULAR) CAVITY
REINFORCING LIGAMENTS
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
NERVES AND VESSELS
SYNOVIAL JOINT MOVEMENTS (PAGE 213-214)
ANGULAR MOVEMENTS: FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION AND CIRCUMDUCTION
ROTATION: MEDIAL AND LATERAL ROTATION
GLIDING
SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYERS:
ENDOMYSIUM: A TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE. COMPOSED MOSTLY OF RETICULAR FIBERS. THESE FIBERS CREATE SPACE FOR SMALL BLOOD VESSELS TO RUN NEXT TO MUSCLE FIBERS. MUSCLES NEED A LOT OF BLOOD SUPPLY.
PERIMYSIUM: COVERS EACH FASCICLE - DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE. THEIR ARE BLOOD VESSELS WITHIN.
EPIMYSIUM: BINDS ALL THE FASCICLES TOGETHER 'UPON THE MUSCLES'.
DEEP FASCIA: BUNDLES/BINDS THE WHOLE MUSCLE TOGETHER (GROUP OF MUSCLES BOUND TOGETHER). DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
COMPONENTS OF A SKELETAL FIBER
MUSCLE CELL (AKA MUSCLE FIBER)-----> FASCICLE (GROUP OF MUSCLE FIBERS)------->GROUP OF FASCICLE (A WHOLE MUSCLE)
PROPERTIES:
CONTRACTILITY: 'GENERATES ATTENTION OR A FORCE' WHEN PULLING ON AN ATTACHMENT POINT.
EXTENSIBILITY: THE ABILITY TO STRETCH OUR MUSCLES (WITHIN LIMITS) WITHOUT DAMAGE.
EXCITABILITY: THE ABILITY TO RESPOND TO STIMULUS, AND FOR PRODUCING AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL.
ELASTICITY: THE ABILITY TO RETURN TO ORIGINAL SHAPE, AFTER CONTRACTION AND EXTENSION.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
THE POINT AT WHICH THE NERVE ENDINGS AND FIBER MEET.
FUNCTIONS:
THE SPHINCTER SKELETAL MUSCLES OPEN AND CLOSE BODY PASSAGEWAYS. THERE ARE INTERNAL SPHINCTER MUSCLES (INVOLUNTARY) AND EXTERNAL SPHINCTER MUSCLES (VOLUNTARY).
SKELETAL MUSCLES OF ALL TYPES PRODUCE MOVEMENT. THEY CAN ALSO MOVE BONES, BLOOD AND CONTENTS OF HOLLOW ORGANS.
OUR SKELETAL MUSCLES GENERATE HEAT (EXAMPLE: WHEN WE ARE OUTSIDE IN COLD WEATHER AND WE START TO SHIVER).
SKELETAL MUSCLES MAINTAIN PROSTURE AND STABALIZE OUR JOINTS.