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Virus (Classification of Viruses (Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA), Strandness of…
Virus
Classification of Viruses
Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
Strandness of nucleic acid
Double strand
Single strand
(RNA viruses) Sense
+ve sense
-ve sense
Replication method
Enzymes
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Size and Morphology
Capsid
Icosahedral
Helical
Enveloped or non-enveloped
Pathogenicity
Immunological properties
Susceptibility to physical and chemical agents
Diagnostic Methods
Clinical Signs, gross Histopathology
Virus Isolation and Identification (indirect demonstration)
Cell Culture
Gold standard and most common used
Inclusion bodies
Cytopathic Effect (CPE)
Killed cells are detected
under microscope
Effect on cell membrane
Haemolysis/Haemoglutination
Embryonated egg
Lab animal
Direct Demonstration of viral components
Electron Microscope morphology
Light Microscope (histopath)
Immunofluorescence or Antigen ELISA (viral Antigen detection)
Viral Genome Detection
Serology (demonstration of increased serum antibodies to virus during course of illness)
Neutralisation tests
Single Radial Heamolysis
Immunoassays ( Antibody ELISA)
Function of Viral Proteins
Structural Proteins
Protection
Capsid
Support
Matrix glueing the capsid and envelope
Cell attachment
Ligands which assist in binding to host cells membrane receptors
Non-Structural Proteins
Enzymes
Viral nucleic acid synthesis
Enzymes to modify Viral RNA trnascripts
Retroviral Intergrase
Neuroaminidase (Orthomyxovirus
Cellular proteins
Histones in Papovavirus DNA packaging
Other Viral proteins
Involved in infectious cycle
Used to modify host immune response
Steps in Viral Replication
Attachment of virus to specific receptors
penetration of the virus into the cell
Either through engulfment or fusion of membranes
uncoating or removal of protein coat and release of viral genome
Early transcription (not required with some RNA virus types)
Early transcription of viral proteins (enzymes etc)
Viral nucleic acid synthesis
Late transcription further mRNA (not required for all RNA virus types)
Late transcription and synthesis of viral structural proteins
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