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Energy +Enzyme (Enzymes (Four ways enzymes catalyze reactions (Providing…

- - - - Activation (turn on)
        
        Adding something to an enzyme to make it work
        
        Coenzyme
        
        Organic
        
        Helping enzyme to work
        
        Cofactors
        
        Small chemicals that are inorganic (not made up of Carbon
        
        Need both Cofactor and coenzyme for an enzyme to actually function
        
        If they are not present then the enzyme will stop (turned off)
      - Inhibition (Turn off)
        
        Competitive
        
        Chemical is blocking active site
        
        Allosteric (non-competitive)
        
        Chemical is changing the shape or giving the enzyme another shape
        
        Has a separate site than active site
        
        Actually blocks the active site so there is no way that the substrate can fit in
  - - - Where the substrate binds
        
        Enzyme tugs on the substrate and breaks it down
  - - - Enzyme is going to pull on that chemical and lower its activation energy so it can actually break into its product
        
        Can change pH
        
        Make it easer for those chemicals to spontaneously break apart
  - - - At this point of the reaction, the enzyme is catalyzing at full force.
- - - - Increased random motion of molecules
        
        increased collisions between substrate and enzyme
        
        Increased activity
  - - - Reversible inhibitors
        
        Inhibitors binds and unbinds (turn off/ turn on) used normally in a cell
      - Irreversible inhibitors
        
        Inhibitor binds permanently
        
        Ex: Some toxins and poisons
    - - Bind in active site which will block the substrate
    - - Bind somewhere else which then causes shape change in active site.
- - - - Non-spontaneous
        
        Process the requires input of energy to occur
        
        Decreases entropy of the universe (it decreases disorder)
        
        Ex: Water being pumped to flow uphill
      - Has positive Delta G (Free Energy)
        
        Positive= Products have higher free energy (compared to reactant)
    - - Other times, the reaction continues to absorb energy throughout the entire process
    - - Used by all plants to convert light energy into a form of chemical energy that can be used to fuel their life processes.
  - - - Since reactants lose energy, Delta G is negative under constant temperature and pressure.
  - - - Good analogy of a coupled reaction is a windmill
      - Energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction
        
        Product of the exergonic reaction is used as the reactant in the endergonic reaction
      - Reduce the amount of energy lost
      - Ex: ATP hydrolysis leads to a phosphorylated product
        
        Phosphorylated product is used as a reactant in endergonic reaction
- - - - As we learn in the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy in the universe is constantly increasing (increasing disorder).
        
        This is a Spontaneous Process
        
        Process that can occur without an input of energy
        
        Can be fast or slow
        
        Ex: Water flowing down hill
        
        Exergonic reaction
        
        Ex: Rusting of old car
        
        There is also a process called Non-Spontaneous
        
        Process the requires input of energy to occur
        
        Decreases entropy of the universe (it decreases disorder)
        
        Ex: Water being pumped to flow uphill
        
        Endergonic reaction
      - We are constantly moving to a universe with more possible states and configurations