Colligative properties of Matter (Miranda)
Boiling Point Elevation
Vapor Pressure Depression
Freezing Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure
References
Definition: "The vapor pressure of a pure solvent is greater than the vapor pressure of a solution containing a non-volatile liquid. This lowered vapor pressure leads to boiling point elevation."(Kendal Orenstein, 2018)
Definition: The freezing point depression is when you lower the temperature of something till it freeze.
The boiling point elevation refers to the characteristic of matter in which when solute is added to a solvent, the boiling point increases in respect to the original pure substance.
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Water: Is the pressure of the water vapor with which it is in equilibrium as part of the gaseous phase it is in contact.
The osmotic pressure can be considered as the minimum quantity of pressure that should be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flux of solvent through a sermipermeable membrane.
In water, when you add certain solutes like salt you can increment the boiling point about one or two degrees Celsius
Formula to measure the variation of the boiling point
K is the constant for the boiling point increment. For water it is 0.52°C·kg/mol
T is the increment in the boiling point, it is the result of the equation.
m is the Molality of the substance
I is the number of ions in the formula. In the case of salt, it is 2
Kendal Orenstein.(2018) Vapor pressure Lowering. Recovered from https://www.brightstorm.com/science/chemistry/chemical-solutions/vapor-pressure-lowering/
Wayne, B. (n.d.). Colligative Properties. At Chemistry Explained. Retrieved the 3/Oct/2018 from: http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Colligative-Properties.html
The boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes of state of matter
The most accurate formula to measure it is II = i(msolutes)RT
II is the osmotic pressure
msolutes is the molal concentration
R is the ideal gas constant
T is the temperature in kelvins
i is the van't Hoff index, which refers to the ratio between the actual concentration of particles produced when the substance is dissolved and the concentration of a substance.
It is measured in atmospheres (atm). Evidently, it is a unit of presure and it equals to 101,325 Pascals (Pa). It is used as a reference or as the "standard pressure".
The osmotic pressure of ocean water is calculated approximately in 27 atm.
Some also define it as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in solvent by osmosis.
Chaplin, M. (2018) Osmotic pressure. At Water Structure and Science. Retrieved October 03, 2018; from: http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/osmotic_pressure.html
Formula
In water: When the water starts to freeze, the molecules slow down, forming crystals and eventually freezing, this process is achieved at 0˚C, but, the freezing point depression is putting a salt to the water so the freezing point is lower than 0˚C, that's why we have temperatures below 0˚C
Fast forward. (2013), What Is Freezing Point Depression? | Fast Forward Teachable Moment. At Youtube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?=YglP2El_cqU