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Energy and Enzymes (Factors that affect enzyme activity (environmental…

- - - - increase
        
        Increase entropy
        
        more activity within the cell
        
        increases collisions between substrate and enzyme
      - when not in perfect conditons 3-D structure will break
        
        no structure means no function and activity
  - - - Most desirable amount of substrate concentration.
      - Active cites are full and at max efficiency
      - increasing Substrate will have no effect due to no available active cites
  - - - multi-sub unit protein
    - - Activate/ Inactivate an enzyme
        
        Activator molecule binds to an enzyme cite and stabilizes active form
        
        doesnt bind directly in the active cite more in a lodged space (get in where you fit in)
        
        Inhibition (inactivate)
        
        Inhibitors bind to cite on enzyme to stabilize inactive enzyme
      - increase enzymes response to substrate
        
        When substrates bind to an enzyme the cause it to slightly change shape (stabilizes)
  - - - can change enzymes to be active or inactive
  - - - Irreversible:inhibitor bind forever
      - Reversible: inhibitor can bind and unbind (light swith off/on))
        
        used in most cells
      - non-competitive inhibitors: Bind elsewhere causing active cite to change shape (finds a different seat at the table)q
      - Competitive inhibitors: Bind in active site which wont allow substrate to bind (blocks)
      - Feedback Inhibitor: End product of one type of reaction becomes the inhibitor of a different reaction.
        
        Way to not waste materials
- - - - Organic: structure of mainly carbon and hydrogen
      - Catalyst: chemical agent that speeds up the reaction
  - - - Energy Activation (Ea)
        
        Amount of energy required to start reactant molecules that break bond
  - - - Substrate: Reactant in an enzyme reaction
        
        Specificity to enzyme
        
        Binds in the active cite on enzyme (lock and Key)
        
        Enzyme changes shape slightly to perfectly fit around the Substrate+active cite
        
        Induced fit model
        
        cofactors help out in the active cite to form a better fit for the substrate.
        
        cofactor: inorganic compounds
        
        1 more item...
        
        How?
        
        Create micro environment thats more helpful to reaction
        
        Protected area with specific needs for reaction
        
        Provides template for substrate to connect in specific area
        
        Distorts enzyme
        
        Less energy needed to bring to transition state where bonds will likely break
        
        Directly help in active site
        
        Not always effective (enzyme will reform active cite)
        
        coenzyme will attach to protein part of enzyme (apoenzyme) to create an active enzyme
        
        coenzyme: organic non-protein molecule
        
        where
- - - - Entropy
        
        Measure of disorder or randomness
        
        High entropy
        
        less order and structure
        
        More stable due to requiring less energy to maintain
        
        example: dirty bedroom. (easy to keep dirty)
        
        low entropy
        
        more order and structure
        
        less stable due to more energy needed to maintain
        
        Example: Clean bedroom (hard to keep clean all the time. involves more effort.
        
        cells
        
        entropy system can decrease as long as entropy of its surroundings increase.
        
        isolated system cant transfer with its surrounding
      - Can be released as heat causing a higher entropy
- - - - delta-G is the amount of free energy
    - - energy released by exergonic reactions is used during edergonic reactions.
        
        product of exergonic reaction is used as the reactant in in an edergonic reaction
      - reduces amount of energy lost
    - - no energy input needed.
      - Increases entropy
  - - - decreases entropy
      - requires energy input