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A Tweet is Worth A Thousand Retweets: An Analysis of Social Media Usage…
A Tweet is Worth A Thousand Retweets: An Analysis of Social Media Usage During Natural Disasters
Case Studies
(Body)
United Kingdom Floods
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1znNuBAtkngd0GVzZZ1ym0kL_03FsaTvz/view?usp=sharing
Social sensing
analysis of Twitter to detect/locate floods
Able to measure flood's impact on lives
Social media has a huge volume of information
However, it is hard to find quality data because there is a lot of "noise" (irrelevant posts)
Must infer location for tweets
Often contain good information
Not a lot of tweets are geotagged so if they aren't then you have to infer where the flooding is
Not a lot of false positives but probably more false negatives
Typhoon Haiyan
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MdigYNCX-Ppnxd0hKMKeDndkVoIQOcwZ/view?usp=sharing
This article mainly focuses on citizen-citizen interactions after Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.
Facebook had many social responsibilities during this time, most notably the
collective coping
mechanism.
The researchers conducted many interviews from survivors of the storm a few months after it happened. They came from many different walks of life
Three Major Functions of Facebook
Tell family they survived
Laptop account
Find a way to move on
Construct experience/show how it is similar/different than mainstream media coverage
Outlet for anger
Discussed how this interaction came about-first with the radio after Hurricane Geroges in Puerto Rico in 1998
Social media people can communicate back and forth personally or someone can broadcast information to a lot of people
South Carolina 2015 Floods
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EbUI4w2BotvkbVcdArebzM6V1ZUtK3f-/view?usp=sharing
This research created a map based on flood data taken from Twitter users and then compared it to a flood map created with satellite imagery.
They concluded that it was possible to use Twitter for real time flood mapping
They discussed advantages and disadvantages
Advantages - real time mapping especially when satellite images don't work during floods because of massive cloud cover because of the rain, social media is free
Disadvantages - hard to go through all of the Tweets at a fast rate, hard to use geolocation and pinpoint exactly where flood reporting is, may be biased
Fukushima
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aLSsmZjSnDiut17EBCRVXmFe2HjPji3W/view?usp=sharing
Twitter was mainly used to disseminate scientific information during the Fukushima event
They found that there were about 100 Tweeters that posted most of the information--they were called
influencers
About half of these influencers were real normal regular people
Categories of Tweets
Describe radiation, give facts
Emotional tweets/attacks against government
Mass media tweets
Dresden Floods (Germany)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/197NEoNR0VQctO1NPfIICP130D_2j0RXg/view?usp=sharing
Notes
Elbe and Danube rivers flooded in Germany in 2013
Article discusses one Facebook group,
Fluthilfe Dresden
(which means Flood Help Dresden in English) that resulted from these floods
Article categorizes
Fluthilfe Dresden
as a "switchboard" between those who needed help during the natural disaster and those seeking to help others
There were
five categories of posts
on this Facebook group (essentially, five different ways that people used social media (Facebook) during this disaster
Networking
Promoting the site to others
Least common type of post
Reporting
Giving updates on the event
Could be official or nonoffical
Contributing
Others offering help
Requesting
Most popular type of post
People asking for help
Building
Postive reinforcement
Most liked, commented, and shared posts although not the most posted
Article also discusses some drawbacks to using social media as complications that arose from using the Facebook website
For example, the
bottleneck effect
by sending so many helpers to one place that it interferes with "official emergency response"
All related to flooding (somehow)
Use a large social media such as Twitter or Facebook
General Information
Gathered from background information of case study articles as well as other websites (Twitter's website, Facebook's website)
From Case Study Articles
Start with Hurricane Georges (Philippines)
From Other
Facebook/Twitter website
https://www.facebook.com/about/crisisresponse/
Applications/Significance
Hurricane Florence
Posts that represent uses already discussed
Future events
how should we use social media then
Generalizations
(Discussion and Conclusions)
Inductive reasoning from sources we have read
Identify similarities between what we have read
General uses for Social Media during a natural disaster
Citizen to Organization Interactions
Flood data
Citizen to Citizen Interactions
Safety, helping each other
Since social media accounts are able to be owned by the public, we can categorize interactions on social media mainly from the citizens themselves into two categories: citizen to citizen interactions and citizen to organization reactions.
There are also some drawbacks to this social media usage
Bottleneck effect
and interfering with official emergency response (Dresden)
Could be biased (SC)
Difficult to weed out irrelevant posts for data collection (SC, UK)
Disadvantages come to people who can't access or don't know how to use it (Philippines)
Main Ideas: The two main functions of social media during a natural disaster is giving fast data to organizations and allowing citizens to communicate with each other, whether for safety or giving and receiving help. There are benefits and drawbacks to using social media as opposed to official mass media therefore we should use it cautiously during the next natural disaster.