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Melonie Medina: Skeletal system (Skeletal system/tissues (Major function…

- - - - Framework for connection of soft tissue
      - Tendons
      - Ligaments
    - - with help of muscle
        
        Arrangement of bones and the structure of joins determine the type of movement that are possible.
    - - Cranium, rib cage and vertebrae
        
        Protects organs.
    - - Calcium and phosphate
        
        The stored mineral are relased into the bloodstream as ions for distribution to all parts of the body as needed.
    - - Red bone marrow
        
        makes blood cells and yellow marrow is a site of fat storage.
    - - Yellow bone marrow
        
        Bone producing cells, osteoblasts, secrete a hormone that influences blood sugar regulation.
  - - - 35% organic
        
        Cells and extracellular matrix
        
        collagen for strength and flexibility
      - Inorganic
        
        mineral, hardness and resists compression
    - - Outer ear, epiglottis
        
        Matrix contains many elastic fibers along with delicate collagen fibers
    - - Intervertabral disc and pubic symphysis
        
        Resists both strong compression and strong tension (pulling forces)
    - - rings of trachea, voice box, tip of the nose, costal cartilage in moving joints articular cartilage.
        
        Provides support through flexibility and resilience.
  - - - composed of osteons packed together
        
        Osteons are long, cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses.
  - - - No osteons
      - trabeculae
      - osteocytes
        
        Receive their nutrients from capillaries in the endosteum surrounding yhe
      - extracellular matrix
      - Red bone marrow
  - - - at the ends of a long bone
    - - shaft
        
        hollow medulla cavity
        
        nutrient arteries blood to bone
    - - formed after growth process is done.
    - - two layers
        
        outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Inner cellular layer
        
        Osteogenic bone creation or formation
      - Sharpey's fibers hold periosteum tightly to bone on compact bone.
  - - - Generate blood cells
  - - - makes blood cells only in emergencies that demand increased hematopoiesis.
  - - - Stem cells
        
        Located in the periosteum, endosteum.
        
        Begins in the embryo, proceeds through childhood and adolescence as the skeleton grows, and then occurs at a slower rate in the adult as a part of continual remodeling of the full grown skeleton.
    - - make extracellular matrix
        
        Cells that actively produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix
    - - maintain bone tissue
        
        In lacunae
        
        if osteocytes die or are destroyed the bone matrix is resorbed.
    - - Created from leukocytes that formed one big cell
        
        These multinucleated cells break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid, which dissolves the mineral component of the matrix and lysosomal enzymes, which digests the organic components.
- - - - Bones are tightly bound by minimal amount of fibrous tissue
        
        Only between bones of the skull and their fibrous tissue is the continous with the periosteum around these flat bones.
    - - Joint is held together by a ligament fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than suture.
        
        Dense regular connective tissue.
    - - Peg in socket, no movement
        
        Fibrous joint peridontal ligament holds tooth in socket between teeth and alveoi
  - - - Bones united by hyaline cartilage, junction of cartilage
        
        Epiphyseal plate, first rib and manubrium of the sterum.
    - - Bone united by fibrocartilage
        
        slighty movable
        
        Public symphysis
  - - - Articular cartilage
        
        bones in a joint fit together in a complementary manner
      - Based on joint shape, synovial joints are structurally classified as plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket.
      - Types of synovial joints
        
        Nonaxial
        
        no movement
        
        uniaxial
        
        one movement
        
        biaxial
        
        two movements
        
        multiaxial
        
        many movements
  - - - Nonaxial movement
        
        Gliding
        
        carpals and metacarpals
    - - uniaxial movement
        
        Flexion and extension
        
        humerus and ulna
    - - uniaxial movement
        
        rotation
        
        ulna and radius
    - - biaxial movement
        
        flexion and extension
        
        adduction and abduction
        
        phalanges and metacarpals
    - - biaxial movement
        
        adduction and abduction
        
        flexion and extension
        
        metacarpal 1 and trapezium
    - - multiaxial movement
        
        flexion and rotation
        
        adduction and abduction
        
        rotation
        
        scapula and humerus
- - - - Skeletal muscles attaches to the skeleton and moves the body by moving the bones.
    - - Sphincter muscles encircle many body openings and function as valves
        
        relaxing opens passageways and contracting closes passageways,
    - - Skeletal muscles contract continuously to maintain posture, enabling the body to remain standing or sitting position.
    - - muscle contraction produce heat
        
        maintains normal body temperature
  - - - generate tension or force when pulling on an attachment point
    - - ability to respond to a stimulus and producing on electrical signal
    - - ability to stretch within limits
    - - ability to return to regular shape
  - - - within a fascicle each muscle fiber is surrounded by a fine sheath of loose connective tissue consisting mostly of reticular fibers.
    - - within each skeletal muscle the muscle fibers are separated into groups. Each group resembles a bundle of sticks tied together.
    - - outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounds the whole skeletal muscle.
    - - binds whole muscles together
        
        dense irregular connective tissue
  - - - myofibrils
        
        muscle fibers
        
        transverse tubules
      - sarcomeres
        
        units of contractions
        
        thin filaments
        
        actin protein
        
        thick filaments
        
        myosin protein with myosin heads
        
        z disc or z line boundaries of saromere actin attached
    - - storage place for calcium