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Coasts (Erosional landforms at the coast (Erosional landforms (Cave (As…

- - - - Weak backwash
      - Less energy
      - Strong swash
      - Little erosion - pushes materials up the beach
      - Smaller in height
    - - Weak swash
      - A lot of energy
      - Strong backwash
      - Scours the beach - pulling sand and shingle away
      - Larger in height
- - - - The process of corroding metal, stone, or other materials.
    - - The action or process of gradually reducing the strength or effectiveness of something through sustained attack or pressure - pebbles in the river smash into each other becoming smaller/rounder.
    - - Hydraulic action is the erosion that occurs when the motion of water against a rock surface produces mechanical weathering. This erosion forces water into rocks to help break the rock.
    - - The process of scraping or wearing away such as sand or pebbles on the sea bed.
- - - - Onion skin weathering is where the sun shines onto a rock causing it to expand. Then due to the drop in temperature during the night, it contracts. As this process repeats, pieces of the rock flake off.
    - - Freeze thaw can also be known as frost shattering. Rainfall, melted snow or ice could get trapped in crack of the rock. Then the air temperature will expand from 9 - 10 percent, putting pressure on the rock. The rock will weaken, shatter, into Brocken pieces.
    - - Biological weathering causes rocks to weather or break down the pressure. This can be done by animals or plants - burrowing animals, roots searching for water causing cracks.
- - - - As the crack widens, a cave is created
        
        Case Studies
        
        Merlins Cave
        
        Seven Sisters Cave
        
        Hang Sơn Đoòng
      - More erosion occurs
    - - The cave erodes all the way through the headland
        
        Case studies
        
        Green Stacks Pinnacle
        
        Bwa Gwyn
        
        Green Bridge of Wales
      - An arch will be created
    - - A crack will form in the headland
      - A weakness is exploited
    - - The roof of the arch collapses - it's too heavy to support
        
        Case studies
        
        Pancakes Rock
        
        Old Harry Rocks
        
        Maiden Stack
        
        Marsden Rock
      - The arch collapses - a stack is created
    - - The stack erodes at the bottom - it becomes very wobbly
        
        Case Studies
        
        Old Harry Rocks
        
        Sail Rock.
        
        Lange Anna.
      - It collapses - forming a stump
  - - - Case studies
        
        Jurassic coast
- - - - Olu Deniz - Turkey
      - Farewell spit - New Zealand
      - Hurstspit - Lymington
  - - - Case Studies
        
        Chesil Beach - Dorset
        
        Slapton Sands - Devon
  - - - Case Studies
        
        Chesil Beach - Dorset
- - - - Economic Sites
        
        Positive
        
        There will be more of an income on jobs
        
        More tourists will be interested
        
        Negative
        
        There will be pollution
        
        There will be a destruction of sand
      - Industry and trade
        
        Positive
        
        You can get more wealthy
        
        There will be a higher chance of a job
        
        Negative
        
        Political risk
        
        Misutilization of natural resources
      - Residential
        
        Positive
        
        There will be places to stay for tourists
        
        As there are more tourists, there will be more money
        
        Negative
        
        Land destruction
        
        Waste of electricity/fuels
      - Fishing
        
        Positive
        
        More tourism - a way to relax
        
        Food to eat
        
        Negative
        
        Habitat destruction
        
        Overfishing
      - Coastal protection
        
        Positive
        
        Protects the coast - Groynes, Rip Rap, Managed Realignment
        
        Negative
        
        It can cost a lot
        
        Not look great
      - Transport
        
        Positive
        
        Tourists can get around the place
        
        There will be a higher chance of getting wealthier
        
        Negative
        
        Pollution
        
        Destroys habitats
      - Tourism and Recreation
        
        Positive
        
        Encourages tourism - water sports, sports etc
        
        More tourism more money
        
        Negative
        
        A lot of noise
        
        Polution
- - - - Examples of Hard Engineering
        
        Sea Wall - a long concrete barrier built off a cliff off-shore
        
        Positive
        
        It protects the base of the cliffs from erosion and land and buildings behind
        
        If recurved, it can reflect some of the wave energy
        
        Negative
        
        It is expensive to build and maintain
        
        It restricts access to the beach
        
        It may be unsightly
        
        Revetments - slatted wood or concrete structures built at the base of a cliff
        
        Positive
        
        They absorb and spread wave energy through slats
        
        They do not interfere with longshore drift
        
        Negative
        
        Regular maintenance is required
        
        It can be expensive
        
        Rip rap - Large boulders of resistant rock
        
        Positive
        
        They absorb wave energy - protecting weak cliffs behind
        
        They look quite natural
        
        Negative
        
        They can be expensive
        
        They restrict access for young/elderly
        
        Off-Shore reefs - rock or concrete barriers built on the sea bed a short distance from the coastline
        
        Positive
        
        They reduce wave energy significantly
        
        They allow a wide beach to develop
        
        Negative
        
        They are very expensive
        
        They interfere with boats
        
        Groynes - wooden, rock or concrete fences built across/perpendicular to the coastline
        
        Positive
        
        Prevents the movement of beach materials along the coast (by longshore drift)
        
        builds up as a natural defense against erosion/attraction
        
        Negative
        
        They may look ugly
        
        Doesn't last long as the wood will rot
        
        Places elsewhere may lose their beach and natural defense
  - - - Examples of Soft Engineering
        
        Managed realignment - They create new salt marshes and mudflats to replace habitats lost by erosion - allowing seawater to make new places for wildlife/water.
        
        Positive
        
        It reduces flooding in some areas
        
        It replaces habitats for wildlife
        
        Negative
        
        It's expensive
        
        Careful planning is needed to make it work
        
        Recycled natural materials - Replaces sand, mud and shingle removed by longshore drift/erosion - it recycles materials
        
        Positive
        
        It recycles materials
        
        It's better for the environment/growth for animals
        
        Negative
        
        It's a bit expensive - as lorries/trucks are involved