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4.0 Ecology (4.2: Energy Flow, 4.3: Carbon Cycling, 4.4: Climate Change),…

- - - - Variation within species might limit mating within the species. Although capable of interbreeding, individuals do not.
      - Members of the same species might be capable of interbreeding but they do not because of geographic isolation.
      - Boundaries of a species gene pool can be unclear, and in some situations different species may be able to interbreed to create hybrids and some hybrids are sterile.
      - With ring species, neighbouring populations of a species may be able to interbreed but the two "ends of the chain" cant interbreed.
      - Interbreeding capability is unknown for extinct organisms
      - Asexual organisms do not interbreed.
    - - U2 Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations.
        
        Organisms that live in different regions (i.e. different populations) are reproductively isolated and unlikely to interbreed, however are classified as the same species if interbreeding is functionally possible
- - - - Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living or recently killed organisms by ingesion
        -herbivores
        -carnivores
        -Omnivores
      - Scavengers- a type of consumer that principally feed on dead and decaying carcasses rather than hunting live prey
    - - Saprotrophs
        Saprotrophs live on (or in) non-living organic matter, secrete digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion
        -external digestion aided by enzyme secretion
      - Detritivores
        Detritivores are a type of heterotroph that obtains nutrients from non-living organic sources, such as detritus and humus