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Anatomy (Directional terms (Dorsal/Posterior- toward the back,…
Anatomy
Directional terms
Dorsal/Posterior- toward the back
Anterior/Ventral- towards the front (belly)
Medial- center
Lateral- towards the side
Superior- top or higher up
Inferior- below/bottom
Cephalic- towards the head
Caudal- towards the head
Proximal- close to the point of orgin
Distal- far away from the point of orgin
Internal- inside
External- outside
Superficial- close to the surface
Deep- further from the surface
Visceral- closer to the organs
Parietal- close to the body wall
Peripheral- away from the core
Central- close to the core
Supine- lying on the back
Prone- lying on the stomach
Contralateral- opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral- same side of the body
Body Systems
Nervous- senses
Endocrine- secretes hormones and has various locations
Muscular- body movements and production of heat
Cardio Vascular- the hear, transports substances such as oxygenated blood, also mantains body temp
Skeletal- support
Respiratory- exchange oxygen and maintains PH levels
Lymphatic- the nodes and glands(fight against infections)
Digestive- mouth to anus, ingestion, absorption, digestion and aldimation
Integumentary- the skin (protect)
Urinary- filters blood and eliminates what we don't need
Reproductive- secondary sex characteristics
Tissue
Epitheliac- covers our body (skin), lines body cavities and openings
Different E. Tissue
Sutostratisfied- false stratification
Cubodial- cubeshaped
Columnar- taller than wide
Transitional- found in the bladder
Squamous- flat and irregular
Connective Tissue- most abundant/ widely distributed/ enclose, connects, support, movement, storage, cushion,insulation, protection, transportation
Areolar- holds organs
Adipose- storage
Fibrous- example: tendon
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
The Skin
Cells- melanin production, sensation, immunity and keratin production
(Superficial) epidermis- outermost thinnest layer, is a stratified squamous.
Structure
Dermis- deepest layer also very thick(connective tissue) has nerve endings, oil glands, sweat glands, muscle fibers, hair, follicles, and blood vessels
Accessory Structures
Hair: Hair follical, hair root, hair shaft, erector pilli (smallest muscle(goosebumps)
Nails- nail root, nail body, lunula
Skin glands
ecorine- born with it (everywhere)
apocrine- starts at puberty (in your arm pits and genitals) (stinky)
sweat glands or sudoferious glands
Functions of the Skin
Regulates Temp
Senses organ activity
Protects us against: Infection, Uv Rays, Chemicals, Cuts and Tears
Vitamin D
Excretion
Burns
The human adult body area is estimated in 9's
Degrees
4th Degree: charring of bones
3rd Degree: charring of skin
2nd Degree: blistering
1st Degree: erythema/ redness
Skin Cancers
basal
Melanoma
squamous
Changes as we age
collagen goes down
sweat glands become les active
Epiderm becomes thin
age spots
Structural organization
Tissue-(cells=tissue, we have four different types)
Organism-(The entire entity)
Cells-(we have millions)
Chemical-(the different various elements in the body)
Organs-(specific discrete structures)
System- (respiratory...etc)
Body Cavities
Vertebral- the spine(Dorsal)
Thoracic- the chest (Ventral)
Pleural- the lungs
Mediastinum- the heart
Cranial- the head(Dorsal)
Abdominal- the intestines(Ventral)
The Abdominopelvic Divisions
Epigastric
right and left hypocondriac
right and left lumbar
Hypogastric
Umbilical
right and left illiac
Boundary btw the thoracic and abdominal is the diaphram
Skeletal System
Functions: support, protection, calcium storage, hematopoiesis, movement.
TYPES: long, short, irregular, flat, and sesmoid
Epiphysis: ends of the bones
Diaphysis: shaft , a hollow tube made of hard compact bone
Distal epiphysis: very ends
Marrow: red is in the epiphysis, yellow is in the diaphysis
Periosteum: thick membrane on the outside of the bone
Divisions
Histology- the study of tissues
Cytology- the study of cells
Topographical- the surface of the body that we can feel and find the structures within
Pathological- changes in anatomy due to disease
Body Planes
Medial- dividing into two equal halves
Transversal/ Horizontal- dividing superior and inferior
Frontal- dividing from the front and back
Sagittal- right from left
Membranes
Pericardium- the heart
Peritoneum- abdominal
Pleura- the chest cavity
Viseral Plurel- adhere to the heart/ space btw filled with fluid
Organization- cells have organelles, the more advance of an organism the more structure
Responsiveness- All organisms can sense and adapt
Anatomical Position- Body facing forward with feet straight and palms facing forward
