ABC
prokaryotic cells- bacterial cell, cell wall, nucleotide, flagella, free floating DNA 
eukaryotic cell- plant/animal cell, contained DNA
rer-assemble ribosomes/make proteins
ser-contains enzymes and stores ions
nucleus- contains DNA
cell membrane- holds cell together
Golgi body- packages proteins
lysosomes-cell digestion and waste
mitochondria- powerhouse of cell
ribosomes- assemble amino acids
vesicle- ships products from one organelle to another
nucleolus- makes rRNA and mRNA
flagella-propels cell
secretory pathway- nucleus gets chemical signal to make DNA, DNA gets copied into RNA through transcription, RNA leaves through nuclear pore, RNA goes to rer where the proteins are made through translation, vesicle forms off end of rer and transports protein to Golgi body, gologi body packages the proteins and vesicle forms off end and moves to cell membrane, protein gets released through exocytosis
adhesion/cohesion- formed by hydrogen bonds ex. allowing a tree to carry water from roots to leaves
moderates temperatures-can take a lot of heat without increasing in temperature but when a small drop in temperature it loses lots of heat ex. sweating, humidity
ice floats- ice is less dense than water therefore it floats ex. the world and winter
solutes- dissolve when water molecules surround them ex. sugar, salt
ph scale- most acidic:0 neutral:7 most basic:14
acid- releases H+ ions in solution
base- accepts H+ ions in solution
buffers- substances that resist ph change
carbohydrates -glycosidic bond, source of energy for the cell. Glucose-short term energy. Cellulose-plant cell wall. Starch- plant storage for glucose. Glycogen- storage in us. monomer- monosaccharides, glucose, fructose. dimer- disaccharide, maltose, sucrose. polymer-pplysaccharide, cellulose, starch, glycogen.
Lipids- ester bond, non polar. triglycerides-long term energy, glycerol links to three fatty acids. phospholipids -component of cell membrane ex. saturated and unsaturated fats
proteins-peptide bond, make up muscle. structural-found in ligaments, bones, and tendons. functional- hydrolytic enzymes. primary- sequence of amino acids. secondary- coiling or folding by hydrogen bonding ex.alpha helix and beta pleated sheet. tertinary-interactions between R groups in amino acids. quaternary - interaction between two or more polypeptide chains.
nucleic acids- DNA-double helix, deoxyribose sugars, ATCG bases, used for information. RNA-single stranded , ribose sugars, AUCG bases, used for information and much more. ATP-produced by cellular respiration, nucleotide, ribose sugars, A base, used for energy
dehydration reaction- loss of water from reacting molecule
single stranded DNA-
double helix DNA-
nucleotide-
amino acids- peptide bonds=polypeptide
glucose- glycosidic bonds= polysaccharides
fatty acids + glycerol-ester bonds=triglycerides
IJKL
arterioles- connects to capillary and arter. can regulate blood pressure
umbilical cord-umberlical vein: oxygenated and nutrients rich blood from placenta to baby
Umbilical arteries: deoxygenated blood from iliac artery out to the placenta
septum-wall of heart, separates left and right sides
external respiration-gas exchange in the lungs/ alveoli
white blood cells-largest, fight infection
right ventricle-sends blood to the lungs via pulmonary trunk
venules- connect veins to capillaries
reduced hemoglobin-oxygen is released into tissues from hemoglobin
venous duct-receives blood form umbilical vein, directs it to the poster vena cava. acts as a liver bypass. moves blood into the fetal circulation
oxyhemoglobin-oxygen attached to hemoglobin
pulmonary-from heart to lungs, back to heart with deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood to heart
capillaries- diffusion, nutrients and wast exchange, very microscopic
digest a protein-mouth -mechanical digestion by chewing. stomach-pepsin-proteins-polypeptides. small intestine-trypsin-polypeptide-peptides. peptidases- peptide- amino acid. absorbed into blood
vein-blood into heart with valves to prevent back flow
cellular respiration- making ATP in cells
mucous cells-lubricates/ protects stomach lining
parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid
digest a lipid-mouth-mechancial digestion by chewing. small intestine-lipase-lipids-3 fatty acids and glycerol
pons-smooth put basic rhythm of breathing set by medulla oblongata
artery-blood away from heart, highest blood pressure
av nodes-impulse from sa nodes via bundle of his. av nodes initiates contractions via purkinje fibres
medulla oblongata-monitors blood pressure, control centre signal- signal the diaphragm and rib muscles to contract
left ventricle-sends blood to the body via aorta
alveoli-gas exchange occurs
carbonminohemoglobin- carbon attached to hemoglobin
sa nodes-pacemaker, activates muscles of both atria to contract at the same time
respiration-breathing, transport of gases by circulatory system, and exchange of gas within body cells
left atria- collects blood form pulmonary veins
pulmonary trunk-form pulmonary artery and receive blood from the right ventricle
bicarbonate ions-helps buffering ph
digest a strach-mouth-mechanical digest ion by chewing, salivary amalayze-starch-maltose. small intestine- pancreatic amalayze-starch-maltose. maltase-maltose-glucose, absorbed into the blood
3 things needed for blood clotting-platlets, prothrombin, fibrinogen
ductus arteriosus-connects the pulmonary artery to aorta, by pass the pulmonary circuit
formane ovals-opening between right and left atrium of the heart to by pass the lungs
right atria-collects blood form vena cava
stages of food processing-ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
chord tendineae-support atrioventricular valves, prevents inverting with flow of blood
chef cells-secrete pepsinogen
internal respiration- gas exchange in the tissues
carbonic anhydrose- enzyme that balance ph of blood by converting carbon and water into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
atrioventricular valves- prevent back flow
hemoglobin- transport oxygen, carries carbon and helps buffer blood
systemic- form heart to every cell in the body, back to the heart with deoxygenated blood and to body with oxygenated blood
red blood cells-lack nucleus
capillary fluid exchange-arteriole side: oxygen and nutrients exit blood, blood proteins and cells stay in capillaries. middle: oxygen, glucose, amino acids diffuse into cells, carbon and ammonia diffuse out the tissues. venue side:fluid with waste is moved back into the blood vessels. remaining fluid enters lymph vessels
lymph system- lacteal: dead ends of lymph vessels in villi of the small intestine. lymph nodes- produce/ store lymphocytes, fosters the lymph of damaged cells and debris. spleen: stores blood. Thymus Gland: production of maturation of some lymphocytes
DEG
heicase:unzipping enzymes (DNA)
DNA polymerase:collects, attaches and builds
primase: "primer" shows DNA polymerase where to go
ligase: glues the DNA fragments together
recombinant dna: dna from one species inserted into the dna of another species for human benefit
in dna: a nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphate
dna: double helix, AT, CG
amino acid
polypeptide
initiation: attachment of ran polymerase to the promotor and is the start of ran synthesis
elongation: rna elongates, rna synthesis continues, RNA peels away from dna allowing dna to come back together
termination: rna polymerase reaches a sequence of bases in dna called a terminator which signals the end of gene, ran polymerase detaches from ran and the gene
trna: transfer rna brings amino acids to ribosomes to build proteins
rna: makes ribosomes
molecules that easily pass through cell membrane: O2 and CO2 since they are small and non polar
mrna: messenger rna translates what needs to be connected to trna
hydrophilic heads: water loving
hydrophobic tails: water fearing
molecules that don't easily pass through cell membrane: ions because they are charged and sugars because they are large and polar
transcription: genetic information of the gene transcribed into rna
translation: information in the rna molecules into a protein
passive transport: diffusion across membrane
diffusion: high concentration to low concentration
osmosis:lower concentration to high concentration
osmoregulation; control of water balance
hypertonic: cell shrinks
hypotonic: cell bursts
active transport
exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules
MNO
resting potential: axon is not conducting an impulse, sodium more concentrated on the outside, potassium more concentrated on the inside
depolarization-inside of a axon has become positive
noradrenaline- fight or flight
acetylcholine- rest and digest
excitatory neurotransmitters- push the post synaptic membrane towards threshold potential- depolarizing
inhibitory neurotransmitters- away from threshold- hyperpolarizing
nerve conduction- electrochemical change that moves in one directions along the length of the nerve fibre
action potential- nerve is stimulated bye electric shock, ph change, mechanical stimulation then a nerve impulse is generated
recovery phase- potassium ions returned to the inside of axon and sodium ions to the outside
refractory period- sodium gates are closed
nodes of ranvier- ion exchange occurs
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sensory neurons-convey signals from sensory receptors into the CNS
interneurons- integrate data and relay signals to other interneurons or motor neuron
motor neuron- convey signals from CNS to effector cells
schwan cells- PNS
oligodendrocytes- CNS
myelin sheath-insulation
electrical synapses- pass electrical current directly form one neuron to the next
chemical synapses- synaptic clft separates sending neuron from reviving neuron
cerebrum- thought and action
corpus callous- allows communication between both hemispheres
thalamus-relay sensory info from other parts of the brain to cerebral cortex
cerebellum-ordination of movement, posture, balance, respiratory
medulla oblongata/pons- regulate breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
hypothalamus- regulate various functions of the pituitary Gand
pituitary gland- link between nervous system and endocrine systems. also releases hormones
osmoregulation- the control of the gain and loss of water and dissolved solutes
excretion-the disposal of metabolic wastes
livers ain functions- detoxification, produce bile, adjusts blood sugar, removes dead red blood cells, and produces urea from ammonia
kidneys- extract a filtrate from the blood and refine it into urine, urine leaves kidney through urters
4 stages- filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
filtration-blood pressure forces water and small solutes into the nephron in Bowmans capsule in the the glomerulus
reabsorption-valuable solutes are reclaimed from the filtrate
secretion- excess hydrogen ions and toxins are added to the filtatre
excretion- urine is excreted out
loop of henle- descending loop is only permeable to water, ascending loop is only permable to salt
collecting duct-reabsorbs water under hormonal control, regulates how concentrated the urine is
antidiuretic hormone- regulates amount of water the kidneys excrete by controlling the number of aquaporins collected
P
ovaries- produce and release eggs
Fallopian tubes-tube form ovary to uterus where oocyte travels to sperm
fijmbraie-end of Fallopian tubes, where eggs move from ovaries to uterus
endometrium-lining layer of uterus
uterus-nuturs fertilized egg that develops into fetus
cervix- alows menstruation flow and direct sperm to uterus
ovary-where reproductive cells are produced
ovarian follicle- secretes hormones that influence menstral cycle
follicle cells- stimulates growth in ovary before release of egg
oocyte- egg cell
corpus luteum- secretes progesterone
estrogen- development of secondary sex characteristics, helps maturation of sperm
follicle stimulating hormone- growth of ovarian follicle, stimulate sperm production
luteinizing hormone- triggers ovulation, stimulates production of tetststrone
progesterone- development of endometrium
penus- where urine and semen leave the body
scrotum-protects testes
vas deferenes- transports sperm to urethra
Cowper's gland- adds fluid to semen
prostate gland- adds fluid to semen
urethra-where urine and semen are carried out
testes-producesperm and hormones
epididymus- tubes that carry sperm from testes to vas deferenes
seminiferous tubules- produce, maintain and store sperm
teststrone-sex horomone
Sertoli cells- keep healthy and nourished term cells
leydig cells- releases hormones
spermatogonia-primary spermocyte-secondary spermocyte-spermatides-sperm
testes-seminferous tubes-epididymus-vas deferenes-urethra
during days 1-5-levels of sex hormones lower, endometrium breaks down, cells of endometrium shed for uterus, flow of blood called menstruation beings
clitoris-female sex organ
during days 6-13- estrogen is increased by ovarian follicle which causes endometrium to rebuild and become thick and vascularized
during days 15-28- levels of progesterone increase by corpus luteum, endometrium doubles in thickness, glands produce mucous, and now prepared to receive an embryo
during day 14- ovulation(egg is released)