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Leaves (Other Types of Roots and Modifications (Prop Roots (Buttress Roots…
Leaves
Other Types of Roots and Modifications
Storage Roots
Long Term Storage for Carbohydrates
Only Permanent Organs in Biennial and Perennial Species
Autumn the Roots Die back
Carbohydrates Produce New Shoot in Spring
Annual Plants Don't Have Much Storage
Less Available as Food
Stable Environment
Prop Roots
Extensive Growth in the Air
Contact with Soil
Transport Addition Nutrients and Water
Act as Stabilizers
Strong Supports
Buttress Roots
Tall, Platelike
Upper Side Grows Faster
Brace Against Wind
Mangroves
Prop Roots Give More Stability in Storms
Cortex is Wide Aerenchyma
Air Chambers
Orchid Aerial Roots
Epiphytic
Attached to Tree Branches
Roots Dangle Freely in Air
Velamen
Water-Proof Barrier
Root Epidermis
Adapted to Drought Conditions
Contractile Roots
Upper Portions Slowly Contract
Stem is Pulled Downward
Contractions Cause by Changing Cell Shape
Vascular Tissues Buckle
Fairly Common
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic Relationship with Soil Fungi
Ectomycorrhizal Relationship
Woody Forest Plants
Fungal Hyphae Penetrate Outer Cortex Cells
Don't Invade the Cells
Endomychorrhizal Association
Herbaceous Plants
Fungi Invade Cells to the Epidermis
Branch Repeatedly
Root Nodules and Nitrogen Fixation
Conversion of Atmospheric Nitrogen to Usable Compounds
Infection Thread
Where Bacterium Reside
Root Nodule
Simple or Complex
Function for Long Periods of Time
Plants and Bacteria Both Benefit
Haustorial Roots of Parasitic Flowering Plants
Very Little Root Structure
Must Adhere Firmly to Host
Inadequate for Growth in Soil
Strangler Fig Roots
Grow as Epiphytes on Host Tree Branch
Birds Spread the Seeds by Eating The Fruits
Must Get Rainwater from Host Tree's Trunk
When Roots Don't Touch Soil
Roots Encase the Host Tree's Roots Once In Soil
Internal Structure of Roots
Root Cap
Meristematic Cells
Layer Closest to Meristem
Undergo Cell Division
Transverse Walls
Files of Cells Pushed Forward
Root Grows Through Edges
Cells Develop Dense Starch Grains
Detect Gravity
Cells Pushed to Edge of Cap
Metabolism and Structure Changes
Endoplasmic Reticulum Fades
Starch Grains Digested
Dictyosomes Secreates Mucigel
Middle Lamina Breaks Down
Root Apical Meristem
More Orderly than Shoot
Central Cells Don't Synthesize DNA
Quiescent Center
Becomes Active if Damaged
Inactive and Replaced After Fixed
Resistant to Harmful Agents
Zone of Elongation
Behind Apical Meristem
Cells Expand Greatly
Some Meristematic Activity
Similar to Shoot Subapical Meristem
Permeable Tissues
Short
Little Absorption Occurs
Zone of Maturation/Root Hair
Root Hairs Grow Outward
Increases Water/Mineral Absorption
Gradual Merge With Elongation Zone
No Distinct Boundary
Cortex Cells Continue to Enlarge
Transfer Minerals to Vascular Tissue
Apoplastic Transport
Symplastic Transport
Endodermis
Innermost Layer of Cortical Cells
Cells Have Tangential Walls
Radial Walls
Encrusted with Lignin and Suberin
Waterproof
Casparian Strips
Bands of Altered Walls
Control Mineral Flow
Xylem Forms a Solid Mass in Center
No Pith
Surround by Phloem Strands
Not in Some Monocots
Pericycle
Parenchyma Cells
Between Vascular Tissues and Endodermis
Lateral Roots Initiated Here
Mature Portions
Root Hairs Only Last a Few Days
Water Absorption Reduced
Eventually Dies
Layers of Suberin and Lignin Applied in Endodermis
Passage Cells
Only Have Casparian Strips
Slow to Develop
Continued Endodermis Maturation
Watertight Sheath Around Vascular Tissues
Older Roots Keep Water in
Superfluous Cortex and Epidermis
Root Pressure
Power Water Absorption
External Structure of Root Systems
Organization
High Branched System
Enormous Absorptive Surface
Seed Plants
Single, Large Taproot
Developed from Radicle
Largest Root in System
Lateral or Branch Roots
Can Become Swollen
Create More Lateral Roots
Can Have Secondary Growth
Fibrous Root System
Many Similar Sized Roots
Most Monocots
Some Eudicots
After Cutting
Radicle Dies During/After Germination
Adventitious Roots
Not Radicles
Don't Arise from Pre-Existing Roots
Increase Absorption
Increase Transportation
Allow Monocot Shoots to Grow Larger
Individual Root Structure
Simple
No Leaf Axils
No Axillary Buds
Root Tip
Growth in Length
Discrete Apical Meristems
Elongate at Meristematic Regions
Impossible to Elongate at Once
Root Cap
Thick Layer of Cells
Protects Root Apical Meristem
Constantly Worn Away
Renewed By Cell Multiplication
Mucigel
Lubricates Passage
Carbohydrates and Amino Acids
Zone of Elongation
Behind Root Cap and Apical Meristem
Cells Divide and Expand
Root Hair Zone
Narrow Trichomes
Epidermal Cells Extend Outwards
Root Hairs
Non-Elongating Root Part
Increase Surface Area
Enter Small Crevices
Helps Form Carbonic Acid
Origin and Development of Lateral Roots
Cell Division in Pericycle
Cells Become More Densely Cytoplasmic
Occurs in Few Cells
Creates Root Primordium
Lateral Root Pushes Outwards
Root Breaks the Endodermis
Forms a Root Cap
First Protoxylem and Protophloem Differentiate
