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Midterm #1 (Neuroscience (Early History (Phenology: mind science (Franz…

- - - - Axon
        
        Axon terminal
      - Dendrite
      - Action potential
        
        Starts at the axon hillock and calculates the EPSP and IPSP
        
        Stages (all-or-nothing during 0 mV)
        
        Depolarization ---> Polarization
      - Soma
      - Myelin Sheath: Causes faster reactions
    - - Microglia: janitorial function (digests parts of dead neurons), as we get older, microglia stops doing its work
      - Astrocyte (stars): provides nutritional support to neurons; transports water & salts from capillaries
      - Oligodendroglia: makes up most of glial cells, produces myelin
  - - - Left hemisphere
        
        language, logic
        
        Info is processed with 1/2 of what the right eye sees
      - Right hemisphere
        
        Intuition, facial recognition
        
        Info is processed with 1/2 of what the left eye sees
  - - - Frontal: reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions & problem-solving
      - Parietal: receives sensory input for touch & body position
      - Temporal: hearing
      - Occipital: viision
  - - - Functional: measuring a precursor to neural activity, better spatial resolution, uses magnetism to detect oxygen (1.5 teslas), highly sensitive to oxyen
        
        Positron Emission Tomography (PET): requires injection of radioactive isotopes
        
        fMRI: Measures oxygen-related blood
      - Brain Imaging Structural: picture of the brain
        
        Computer Axial Tomography (CAT): invasive due to radiation
        
        Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI): non-invasive
      - Single-cell/multi unit recording: invasive (causal of neural activity)
      - Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  - - - Franz Gall (one's eyes show their personality) --> led to racial justice, justified slavery, led to the localization of function
    - - Wilder-Penfield: used electrodes and pioneered homunculus, mapped the sensory functions of the brain
- - - - Retrograde: failure to recall information prior to the incident
      - Anterograde: failure to create new memories; can recall procedural memories
        
        EX: Clive (hippocampus could not convert STM to LTM) & HM (30-second memory, lobotomy)
    - - Context-dependent: Recall info better if the activity is done at a consistent location
      - State-dependent: Recall info better if the conducted activity is continuously done at the same state (ex: caffeinated, stressed, calm, etc.)
      - Self-reference effect: Relating to self
    - - Sensory
        
        Echoic: brief, associated with sounds
        
        Iconic: brief, associated with vision
      - Constructed
        
        Research done by Prof. Elizabeth (taught at Berkeley) on the speed vs. fast bias (how fast did the car go vs. what was the speed of the car?)
      - Long-term
        
        Declarative: fact-based info
        
        Semantic: general knowledge (outside life)
        
        Episodic: facts about life
        
        Procedural: knowing how, skills-based
    - - Kendell: Researched slugs & concluded differences in Short-term and Long-term memories
        
        Short-term: Functional + existing memory changes
        
        Long-term: Increase in the # of connections
        
        Overall shifts of the structure of the synapse
      - Lashley: Conducted rat experiments using lesions to look into the "engram"
        
        Concluded that memory is distributed, rather than localized in the cerebral cortex
      - Hebbian: Looked into learning + memory
        
        Concluded that neurons that fired together, are wired together
  - - - EEG
        
        Measures brain waves through electrodes
      - EOG
        
        Measures eye movement
      - EMG
        
        Measures muscle tension
    - - Non-REM
        
        1-2 Stages
        
        3-4 stages
        
        Slow-wave sleep leading to better memory consolidation
        
        Research Study: Baby + incense example
      - REM (Rapid Eye Movement): later in sleep
        
        When dreaming + creativity happens
        
        Sleep walking + sleep paralysis happens at this stage
        
        Activated
        
        Motor
        
        Hippocampus
        
        Amygdala
        
        De-activated
        
        Pre-frontal cortex
        
        Associated with logical reasoning
  - - - EX: bachelor (engaged + male)
    - - leads to the conjunction fallacy (stereotyping)
        
        Research conducted by Tversky + Kahneman: testing probability (think of venn diagram)
    - - EX: new animal (using memory about dogs + cats to make sense of the new animal)
  - - - Types
    - - Dorsal: Where pathway
      - Ventral: What pathway
        
        Prospagnasia: failure to recognize faces