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Chapter 12 Heart (12.1 Anatomy of the heart & blood flow (internal…

- - - - visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers the heart
      - parietal pericardium lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac
    - - pericardial cavity
        
        visceral pericardium
        
        serous fluid
        
        parietal pericardium
  - - - when atrium not filled with blood
    - - posterior side marks boundary between atria and ventricles
    - - posterior interventricular sulcus
      - anterior interventricular sulcus
  - - - separates the two atria
    - - separates the two ventricles
    - - tricuspid (right side)
      - Bicuspid (left side) lamb
    - - superior vena cava
        
        drains blood from head, neck, upper limbs & chest
      - inferior vena cava
        
        drains blood from rest of trunk, viscera, & lower limbs
      - coronary sinus
        
        drains cardiac veins
      - frossa ovalis
- - - - stretch receptors increase HR by sympathetic stimulation
    - - stretch receptors in ventricles creates a stronger contraction "more in = more out" increased SV
  - - - sympathetic
        
        post ganglionic fibers
        
        norepinephrine
        
        suprarenal medullae also release NE, E increase HR even more
      - parasympathetic
        
        preganglionic fibers Vagus nerve (NX)
        
        acetylcholine
    - - parasympathetic decreases SV
      - sympathetic increases SV
    - - cardiac center Medulla Oblongata
        
        cardioacceleratory center
        
        cardioinhibitory center
        
        respond to BP, dissolved oxygen, & carbon dioxide
        
        monitored by baro & chemoreceptors
        
        glossopharyngeal (NIX) & vagus (NX)
      - hypothalamus can influence cardiac centers
        
        emotional state like "Fear, rage, or arousal"
    - - epinephrine, norepinephrine adrenal glands increase rate & force of heart
      - glucagon & thyroid increase force
    - - Hypercalemia extremely excitiable and strong contractions can lead to death from prolonge contractions
      - hypocalemia very weak contractions may cease all together
      - hyperkalemia weak and irregular contractions
      - hypokalemia HR is reduced
      - temperature
        
        high temp increases HR
        
        low temp decrease HR
- - - - step 1 rapid depolarization
        
        Na channels open as threshold of -70mVis reached, and close at +30mV
      - step 2 plateau
        
        Ca channels open, delay of repolarization, and contraction begins
      - step 3 repolarization
        
        Ca channels close and K channels open and repolarization sets cell back to -90mV
  - - - nodal cells
        
        automaticity
        
        AV node delay (100 msec) and 40-60 beats
        
        SA node 70-80 beats pacemaker
      - conducting cells
        
        AV bundle (bundle of His)
        
        bundle branches
        
        purkinje fibers
      - bradycardia (less than 60 bpm)
      - tachycardia (100 bpm or more)
  - - - repolarization of ventricles
    - - depolarization of ventricles
    - - deploarization of atria
- - - - second heart sound (dupp)
      - first heart sound (lubb)