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Migration (Where Do People Migrate? (Alternatively, people often migrate…

- - - - Ernst also observed the gravity model, which predicts the amount of interaction between places based on population and distance. A similar concept is distance decay, which states that the farther a place is, the less complete someone's perception is of the place.
    - - Push factors include work/retirement and living conditions, safety and security, and disasters. Pull factors are usually based on perceptions of a place from what the migrant has experienced.
      - Migration is often complete in steps, known as step migration. This describes the movement of migrants to increasingly larger urban centers (i.e. village to town to city) over time. Along the way, migrants may be stopped by intervening opportunities, or unexpected conditions/opportunities that end up with the migrant in a different place/position than expected.
    - - Technological advances allow for easier migration across larger distances, and strengthen the role of kinship links (the pull of migrants towards those of similar culture in the target country). Migration through these links is called chain migration, and several chains build into immigration waves.
- - - - 1 in 5 Haitian households receive remittances from abroad.
    - - Reverse remittances, or money sent from families left behind to the immigrant, are gaining popularity in the USA after the economical downturn in 2007.
- - - - North Africa and Southwest Asia harbor some of the longest lasting and deep conflicts on Earth, resulting in many refugees. Conflicts include the displacement of Arab people surrounding Israel, Afghani conflicts that have lasted more than 30 years, and Persian Gulf conflicts. Over half of the world's refugees come from Afghanistan and Iraq.
      - Africa has a severe dislocation problem, with 2 million accounted refugees and millions more IDPs. These refugees only add more of a strain on poverty and conflict stricken countries, namely in Subsaharan Africa. Central and East Africa now harbor the majority of African refugees. The Arab Muslim government of Sudan began a genocide (act to destroy a group based on traits) on the non-Arab muslims in Darfur early this century, and was labeled as such by the U.S. secretary of State in 2004.
      - South Asia ranks third in refugees, largely due to Pakistan's role in harboring many Afghani refugees. Now, more than 3 million refugees live in mostly Pakistan and Iran. Another major refugee issue comes from the Sri Lankan civil war which has killed and displaced tens of thousands of people.
      - Southeast Asia held between 1 and 2 million refugees from Vietnam after the Vietnam War ended in the Indochinese region, and around 300,000 refugees escaped from Cambodia in the Early 1990s due to violence.
      - In Europe, the collapse of Yugoslavia generated over 6 million refugees in 1995, and over 100,000 IDPs still remain in the area.
      - In Earth's other regions, there are many less refugees. Columbia is the only country in the Western Hemisphere with a major displacement problem, with 3.4 to 4.9 million displaced people due to its constant instability due to narcotics and conflict.
- - - - Commuting, or the travel from home to work and back again, is a form of cyclic movement. Commuting can take minutes to hours and involve different forms of transportation.
      - Seasonal movement is another form of cyclic movement, and is based on the weather of an area changing and causing people to move to an area with different conditions for a season. This can leave colder areas (i.e. the Northern states) depopulated in the winter.
      - Nomadism, the third type of cyclic movement, is a way of survival that is dwindling. It involves a group of people traveling on routes over and over again based on the time of year to continue to gather resources and give them time to regenerate.
    - - Migrant labor is needed in the southern state's farms, and leads to a large flow of people moving across the border who may eventually become immigrants.
      - Trans-humance, like nomadism, relies on people moving locations based on the season. Differentiating it, trans-humance is based on farmers moving with their livestock.
      - Citizens in the military can be assigned to tours of duty in far away locations for multiple years at a time, making military service another example.
    - - When someone emigrates (moves out of) a country and enters a new country (immigration), that movement is classified as international migration.
      - Migration inside a singular country, or internal migration, can be a result of disasters, cultural change, or many other phenomena. The amount of internal migration in a country relies on said country's mobility.
        
        In the US, high mobility leads to lots of internal migration . It also depends on the economy. In Peru (a less mobile society) there is less internal migration and is more commonly rural to urban.
- - - - Selective immigration is another practice followed by many countries, which means that they forbid certain groups or individuals from immigrating into the country.
      - Alternatively, countries may have requirements for entry as opposed to restrictions. Some favor countries of birth or pureness of heritage. Many countries are now placing quota systems in play.
    - - The US allowed open immigration in the 1800s to increase population, which brought in thousands of people, mainly from Europe. After WWI, the US's policies favored isolationism, meaning they tended to stay out of outside events. In 1921, Congress restricted immigration and set quotas, where only a small amount of immigrants could come to the US each year. This quota decreased further in 1924, making the immigration total each year 150,00.
      - Between 1940 and 1960 the US granted China and Japan similar immigration permissions, which increased the immigration rate to the US. In 1952, Congress changed the immigration policy to 160,00 a year, but far more refugees immigrated and significantly raised the population. This resulted in Congress abolishing the quota system by 1965. Next, the US allowed 170,000 immigrants a year from Eastern Hemisphere countries and 120,00 from the Americas.