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ATOMIC MODELS (Uncertainty Principle (We cannot measure the position (x)…
ATOMIC MODELS
Uncertainty Principle
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Uncertainties in the products of “conjugate pairs” (momentum/position) and (energy/time) were defined by Heisenberg as having a minimum value corresponding to Planck’s constant divided by 4π.
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Rutherford
Atom is composed of empty space mostly with electrons orbiting in a set, predictable paths around fixed, positively charged nucleus.
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a fixed circular path at very high speed. These fixed circular paths were termed as “orbits.”
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Bohr
Electron will have more energy if it is located away from the nucleus whereas the electrons will have less energy if it located near the nucleus.
Every circular orbit will have a certain amount of fixed energy and these circular orbits were termed orbital shells.
The different energy levels are denoted by integers such as n=1 or n=2 or n=3 and so on. These are called as quantum numbers.
Electrons move from lower to higher energy level by acquiring the required energy and electron loses energy it moves from higher to lower energy level.
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Sommerfeld
The path of an electron around the nucleus, in general, is an ellipse with the nucleus at one of its foci.
The velocity of the electron moving in an elliptical orbit varies at different parts of the orbit. This causes the relativistic variation in the mass of the moving electron.
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