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Biology (Bacteria (Structure of bacteria (cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell…

- - - - uses organic compounds
    - - obtains energy from inorganic compounds
  - - - heterocyst
        
        cell larger than the others, and of different appearance
        
        is a differentiated cyanobacterial cell that carries out nitrogen fixation
        
        under aerobic conditions
  - - - anerobic example
        
        methanogen
      - obligate anaerobe
        
        an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
  - - - negative
        
        violet does not appear, instead it appears red
      - positive
        
        retain the first dye and appear violet
        
        staph
        
        spherical gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections
        
        strep
        
        spherical gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis
- - - - parasitism
        
        the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it
      - host
        
        nourishes and supports a parasite; the host does not benefit and is often harmed by the association
        
        host range
        
        the spectrum of strains of bacterial species that a given strain of phage can infect
        
        the range of cells that can act as a host to a virus or bacteriophage
      - symbiont
        
        either of two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another
        
        symbiosis
        
        the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other
  - - - integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formations of a circular replicon in the bacterial cytoplasm
        
        temperate phage
    - - results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane
        
        virulent phage
- - - - any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system)
  - - - the closing shell enclosing the viral genome
      - capsomere
        
        a subunit of the capsid, an outer covering of protein that protects the genetic material of a virus
    - - either DNA or RNA
        
        retrovirus
        
        any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)
        
        reverse transcriptase
        
        a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template
    - - outer extra covering on virus
  - - - a toxin that is confined inside the microorganisms and is released only when the microorganisms are broken down or die
    - - a toxin that is secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding medium
  - - - a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many people are infected at the same time
    - - an epidemic that is geographically widespread; occurring throughout a region or even throughout the world