Ch.19 & 27

Bacteria

Shapes

Cocci (Circles)

Spirilla (Stringy, Squiggly)

Bacilli (Rod)

ALIVE

Virus

Shapes

Helical

Spherical

Polyhedron

Complex

NON-LIVING

Antiviral: Medication to help fight Viruses

Structure

Capsid: Protein part of a Virus

Envelope: Outer layer of a Virus

Bacteriophage: Virus that targets Bacteria.

Antibiotic: Medication that destroys/weakens Bacteria

Biofilm: Coating of Bacteria

Binary Fission: Bacteria cell division, asexual

Bioremediation: The use of microorganisms to reduce environmental impacts

Capsomere: Protein part of Capsid

Structure

Capsule: Polysaccharide coating that makes bacteria sticky

Both

Commensalism: One benefits, one doest care. (Bird nesting in a tree)

Epidemic: A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community

Pili: Involved in cell to cell contact to transfer DNA

Flagellum: Tail

Fimbriae: Hairlike extensions for sticking

Conjugation: DNA shared between Bacteria

Types

Chemoautotroph: Derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

Chemoheterotroph: Derives energy from the oxidation of organic compounds

Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic Bacteria

Halophile: Organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations

Archaea: Prokaryotes, Live in extreme environments

CRISPR-Cas System: Enzymes that alter DNA, defense against Bacteriophages

Types

Enterovirus: Virus that effect G.I. tract

Endotoxin: Toxins inside the bacteria released upon lyse

Exotoxin: Toxins released outside of bacteria

Genetic recombination: The process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information

Gram Negative: Thin peptidoglycan cell wall (No stain)

Gram Positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer (stains)

Helix: A spiral ramp

Heterocyst: A large, transparent, thick-walled cell

Host: An animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives

Host Range: The spectrum of cells that can be infected and lyse.

Icosahedron: A polyhedron with 20 faces

Lysogenic Cycle: Bacteriophage inserting nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formations of a circular replicon in the bacterium's cytoplasm

Lytic Cycle: viral DNA exists as a separate molecule within the bacterial cell, and replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA, destroys the cell

Methanogen: A methane-producing bacterium

Mutualism: Symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved

Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria which has the ability to fix the atmospheric nitrogen from the air to soil or to convert inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen

Nucleoid: Contains all or most of the genetic material

Pandemic: An infectious disease prevalent over a whole country or the world

Parasitism: One is harmed, one is gaining (Fleas)

Pathogen: An microorganism that can cause disease

Peptidoglycan: Forms bacterias cell walls in gram positive bacteria

Obligate Anaerobe: An organism that lives and grows in the absence of molecular oxygen

Facultative Anaerobe: Bacteria that use Aerobic and Anaerobic energy pathways

F and R plasmids: F plasmid is a segment of the host chromosome. R plasmid a conjugative factor in bacterial cells that promotes resistance

Photoautotroph: Organisms that use light for energy, and is capable of using carbon dioxide as its principal source of carbon

Photoheterotroph: Organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source

Plasmid: DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently

Prion: An infectious agent composed entirely of protein material

Prophage: The genetic material of a bacteriophage, incorporated into the genome of a bacterium and able to produce phages if specifically activated

Provirus: The genetic material of a virus as incorporated into, and able to replicate with, the genome of a host cell

Restriction Enzyme: An enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences

Retrovirus: RNA viruses which insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate

Reverse Transcriptase: An enzyme used to generate complementary DNA from an RNA template

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus

Symbiont: Two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another

Symbiosis: Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

Taxis: The movement of an organism in response to a stimulus

Temperate Phage: Bacteriophages which can choose between a lytic and lysogenic pathway of development

Thermophile: An organism that lives in high temperatures

Transduction: The process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

Transformation: The genetic alteration of a cell by introduction of extraneous DNA, especially by a plasmid

Transposon: A DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genome size

Vaccine: A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases

Vector: An organism, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another.

Viroid: An infectious entity affecting plants, smaller than a virus and consisting only of nucleic acid without a protein coat

Virulent Phage: Bacteriophage that is unable to display lysogenic cycles, obligately lytic