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Metabolism, Energy
& Enzymes (How Enzymes Work (Involved in ALL…
Metabolism, Energy
& Enzymes
Coupled Reactions:
exergonic & endergonic reactions are usually
coupled to reduce loss of energy
--exergonic energy is used to drive endergonic reactions
Exergonic Reactions:
releases energy--amount of energy released
is equal to the difference in potential energy of reactants & products
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Endergonic Reactions:
requires net input of energy
--energy that is stored is absorbed from the
surrounding environment
products are rich in potential energy
energy stored in covalent bonds of molecules
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How Enzymes Work
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Catalyst:
chemical that speeds up chemical reactions without
being used up or changed
--comes in protein or RNA form
Induced fit model:
susbstrate & active site shapes don't
match exactly
--active site undergoes slight change in shape
to accomodate substrate bonding--matches better as a result
Cofactors:
inorganic ions
(copper, zinc, iron)
Coenzymes:
organic non-protein molecules
(NAD+, FAD, NADP+)
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Enzyme Inhibition
Competitive inhibitor:
binds to the active siteon the enzyme
--competes with the true substrate
--product is not formed & not released from site
Noncompetitive inhibitor:
binds to a part of the enzyme other than the active site
--inhibits enzyme by altering its three dimensional shape
--substrate can no longer bind at active aite
Factor 4:
pH:
each enzyme operates in optimal pH range
--structure is "pH dependent"
denaturation occurs if the pH reaches extreme levels
Factor 3:
Temperature:
activity increases as temperature increases
--increases collisions between enzymes & substrates
Factor 2:
Enzyme concentration:
cell regualtes metabolism by regulating which enzymes are active
--cells regulate enzymes by regulating genes that
code for enzymes
Factor 1:
Substrate concentration:
--activity increases as substrate concentrate increases due to collisions between substrates & enzymes
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