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Skeletal System, Muscles and Joints (Skeletal Muscle (Skeletal Fibers…
Skeletal System, Muscles and Joints
Skeletal System and Tissues
Functions
Support
Shape
Protection
Movement (with the muscular system)
Nutrient Storage
Mineral Storage
Blood Stem Cell Generation (Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes)
Bones
Organs of the Skeletal System
Structure
35% Organic Components (Collagen) for Flexibility
65% Non-Organic Components (Calcium) for Hardness and Compression Resistence
Compact Bone
Outer part of every bone
Tightly packed Osteons
Looks Solid
Spongy Bone
No Osteons
In all bones between compact bone layers
Composed of Trabeculae
Red Bone Marrow
Gelatinous material
Location of Blood Cell Formation
Fill all bone spaces from Fetus/Embryo to about Age 7
Transitions to Yellow Marrow at Age 7
In Adults (Vertebrae, Ribs, Coxal, Sternum, Skull)
Yellow Marrow
Nutrient Storage
Originates from Red Bone Marrow
Adipose Tissue
Periosteium
Outer Covering of Bone
Outer Layer
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Inner Layer
Cellular
Osteogenic (Bone Formation)
Sharpey's Fibers (Holds Periosteium to the bone)
Central Canal
Blood Vessels
Nerves
Perforating Canal
Connection between two Central Canals
Composition
Blood Vessels
Nutrient Arteries
Nerves
Connective Tissues
Bone
Cartilage
Fibrous
Reticular
Adipose
Types
Long Bones
Bones that are longer then they are wide
Examples include: Arms, Legs, hands
Structure
Diaphysis
Middle part of bone
Called the Shaft
Between the Epiphyses
Medullary Cavity
Marrow Cavity
Line with Endostium
Epiphyses
Ends of Bones
Proximal and Distal Ends
Growth
Appositional
Widening
Periosteium grows new bone on the outside
Breaks down bone in the Medullary Cavity
Epiphiseal Plate
Lengthening
Hyaline Cartilage
Becomes Epiphiseal Line in Adults
Short Bones
Cube Shaped Bones
Examples include: Carpels and Tarsals
Flat Bones
Sternum
Skull
Ribs
Irregular Bones
Vertebral
Formation
Osteogenic Cells
Stem Cells
Found in Periosteum and Endosteum
Generate Osteoblasts
Bone Remodeling
Ongoing through out life
Mostly in Spongy Bone
Ossification
Intra-membranous Ossification
Most bones of the Skull and Clavicle
Endochondral Ossification
Often in Long Bones
Form from cartilage not mesenchyme
Osteoclasts
Secrete and enzyme the breaks down the bone
Returns Minerals to the blood stream
Form from Leukocytes
Multi-nucleated
Microvilli
Osteoblasts
Create the new bone
Tuberosities on bone are where the muscle stretches the bone
Osteocytes
Form the Extracellular Matrix
Become Osteocytes in the lacuna that maintain bone tissue
Canaliculus
A process of the Osteocyte
Connects one osteocyte to another
Transports blood from central canal though osteocyes to nourish the bone
Organization
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column (Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Thoracic Cage (Ribs, Sternum, Costal Catilage and (T1-T12)
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle (Scapula and Clavicle)
Upper Limbs (Humerus, Radius, Unla)
Hands (Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges)
Pelvic Girdle (Coxal Bones, Sacrum and Coccyx)
Lower Limbs (Femur, Tibia, Fibula)
Feet (Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges)
Joints
Fibrous
Suture
Joined together with very short interconnecting fibers
Found in Skull
No Movement
Syndesmosis
Bone connected with bundles of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Found in: Distal Tibiofibular Joint, Carpals, and Tarsals
Little Movement
Gomphosis
Joint between the tooth and the alveloi
Periodontal ligaments - tiny fibers the connect to the tooth
No Movement
Cartilaginous
Synchondrosis
Epiphyseal Plate
Hyaline Cartilage
Found in: 1st Rib and Manubrium
Immovable
Symphysis
Fibrocartilage (between the Hyaline Cartilage that is connected to the bone)
Found in: Pubic Symphsis, Intervertebral Joints
Slightly moveable
Synovial
Most movable joints in the body
Structure Types
Plane
Function
Gliding Motion on flat surface
Location
Carpal
Tarsal
Vertebral Articular surfaces
Hinge
Function
Single axial movement
Flexation and Extension
In 180 degree range
Location
Elbow
Knee
Interphalanges joints
Pivot
Function
Rotation
Location
Radialulnar Joint
Atlantalaxial Joint
Condylar
Function
Abduction and Adduction
Flexation and Extension
Move circular around a point
Location
Metacarpal/Phalanges Joint
Saddle
Function
Abduction and Adduction
Flexation and Extension
Location
Carpal/Metacarpal Joint of the Thumb
Ball and Socket
Function
Rotation
Flexation and Extension
Abduction and Adduction
Location
Shoulder Joint
Hip Joint
Components
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage on the ends of opposing bones
Absorb compressive forces
Prevent bone crushing
Joint Cavity
Space that typically contains the Synovial Fluid
Articular Capsule
Outer Layer (Fibrous Layer) = Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Inner Layer (Synovial Membrane) = Loose Connective Tissue
Synovial Fluid
Created from Fibroblasts in synovial membrane
Glycoprotein combines with materials from blood vessels to form
Reinforcing Ligaments
Used to strengthen some joints
Composed of Band like ligaments
Nerves
Pain Sensors
Stretch Sensors
Blood Vessels
Supplies needed materials for the synovial fluid
Skeletal Muscle
Functions
Produce Movement
Opens and Closes Passageways
Maintains Posture
Stabilizes Joints
Generates Heat
Properties
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
Muscle Organ
A Group of Fascicles
Epimysium
Outer Layer that surround the whole skeletal muscle
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Fascicle
A group or muscle Fibers
Perimysium
Cover each of the facicles
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Blood Vessels embedded
Muscle Cell
Individual Muscle Fibers
Endomysium
Surround the Muscle Fiber
Loose Connective Tissue (Reticular Fibers)
Hold the Muscle Fibers together to maintain alignment
Sarcolemma
The outer membrane that surrounds the muscle cells
Holds the Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Myofibrils together.
Skeletal Fibers
Structure
Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules)
Are a deep invagination of the Sarcolemma
Run between a pair of terminal cisterns
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Storage of Calcium
Run along the outside of the Myofibrils
Terminal Cisterns
The terminal end of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Another Storage Place of Calcium
Sits next to the T-Tubules
Mitochondria
Energy Generation to the Muscle Cell
Myofibrils
Smaller than the muscle fiber
Several are grouped together inside of the Sarcolemma
Mechanical Components
Sarcomere
A single unit of contraction
From 1 Z-Disc or Z-Line to another
Thin Filaments
Actin Protein
Attaches to the Z-Disc or Z-Band
Thick Filaments
A think myosin protein with myosin heads
Attaches to the Actin Protein in the thin filament
Turns to pull the actin filament towards the M-Line
M-Line
Midpoint of the Sarcomere
Z- Disc or Z-Line
Attachment points for Actin Filament
Attachment points for Elastic Filament that connects to the Myosin filament
A-Band
Darker area of the Sarcomere
Composed of Actin and Myosin filaments
I-Band
Lighter Area of Sarcomere
Actin Only (No Myosin)
Z-Disc or Z-Line in the middle
Striations
Are the I-Band and the A-Band next to one another