Matter and radiation
nuclear model 
Specific charge (CKg^-1) = charge (C)/Mass (Kg)
Nuclide notation
Isotopes: same # of protons and electrons but a different # of neutrons, therefore different mass
Forces
Strong nuclear force
Pulls nucleons together to stabilise the nucleus
radiation
Beta decay
the release of 1 electron (or positron)
Alpha decay
the release of a Helium nucleus ( 2 protons 2 neutrons)
Neutrinos were hypothesised because their was not enough energy being released. therefore another particle must exist that is carrying off the energy
antimatter
for every particle, an antiparticle also exists that has equal mass but opposite charge ( an anti-electron is called a positron)
EM radiation
Energy of photon (J) = frequency(Hz) x Plancks constant (
plancks constant = 6.62607004 × 10-34 m2 kg / s
matter-antimatter annihilation
when a particle meets its corresponding antiparticle they annihilate to form two photons
Energy of both released photons = total rest mass energy of both particles
pair production
a photon of sufficient energy spontaneously forms a particle and antiparticle
Energy of photon = total rest mass energy of both particles
weak nuclear force
effects nucleons only
gravity
electromagnetic
not well understood
pulls all objects with mass together
converts protons into neutrons by emitting a positron and neutrino ( or an electron and an antineutrino. this allows certain complex nuclei to form
the attractive force of opposite charges and the repelling force of like charges
Exchange Particles
the four fundamental interactions all happen because of exchange particles
electromagnetic force is caused by virtual photons. a virtual photon is emitted by one particle and absorbed by the other. conservation of momentum causes the vectors of the particles to change
the week nuclear force is caused by the W+ and W- Bosons. the proton emmits a W+ or a W- to turn into a neutron.
a W+ Boson will turn into a Positron and a Neutrino
a W- Boson will turn into an electron and an anti-neutrino
Electron - Proton collision is caused by an electron emitting a W+ Boson to turn into an anti-neutrino. the W+ Boson hits a proton and it turns into a neutron.
Electron capture is caused when a Proton emits a W+ boson
the w+ boson hits an electron and turns it into a neutrino