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Skeletal tissues, joints and skeletal muscle (Skeletal System/Tissue…
Skeletal tissues, joints and skeletal muscle
Skeletal System/Tissue
Components of Long Bones
Proximal Epiphyses
Distal Epiphyses
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal Line
Endosteum
Diaphysis
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow and/or Red Bone Marrow
Periosteum
Blood Vessels
Osteon
Nutrient Arteries
Red Bone Marrow
(Blood cell formation)
Gelatinous material found inside
- As an embryo/fetus it fills all spaces inside bones until age 7
- As adults in ertebral, coxal bones, sternum, ribs and skull
Yellow Bone Marrow
fat, nutrient storage
- In major blood loss, it can turn to red bone marrow
Compact Bone Characteristics = outer part of every bone
- Composed of Osteons packed together
- Periosteum (outside covering composed of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Spongy Bone Characteristics: Spongy area of bone, in ends of long bone and inside all other bones
- No Osteons
- Composed of Trabeculae
- Osteocytes
- Extracellular Matrix
- Location of Red Bone Marrow
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Types of Bone Cells
Osteocytes (Matured Osteoblasts)
- In lacunae, maintaining bone tissue
Osteoclasts
- Created from a leukocytes that form one big cell
- Has several nucleus = multinucleate, microvilli, destroys/breaks down bone tissue (resorption)
- Secrets enzymes
- Performs Phagocytosis to break down organic portion of bone tissue, inorganic (mineral) back to blood
- Different line of cells; fusion of leukocytes; not originated from Osteogenic
Osteoblast (Making Extracellular Matrix)
- located in periosteum and endosteum
Two Avenues:
- Osteogenic > Osteoblast > Osteocytes
OR
- Osteoclasts
Osteogenic Cells (Stem Cells)
- located in periosteum and endosteum
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Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synchodrosis
- Epiphyseal Plate (Hyaline Cartilage)
- Between 1st rib and the manubrium of sternum
- No movement
Symphysis
- Pubic Symphysis
- Intervertebral Joints
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Slighly somewhat moveable
Synovial Joint Componets
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Presence of joint cavity surrounded by a joint capsule
2 layers:
- Outer layer: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, attaches to periosteum
- Inner layer: synovial membrane, Areolar Connective Tissue, secretes synovial fluid that is slippery and lubricating, a shock absorber, nurishes the articular cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage)
Fibrous Joints
Gomphosis
- Between teeth and alveoli
- Periodontal ligaments
- No movement
Syndesmosis
- Bundles of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- Little movement
- Ex. carpals and tarsals
Suture
- Immovable joint
- Bones joined by very short interconnecting fibers
- Only in skull
-No movement
-
Skeletal Muscle
Connective Tissue Layers
Perimysium
- Connective Tissue that covers the outside of each fascicle
- Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
-Blood vessels within
Epimysium
- Connective tissue that covers all the fascicles/whole muscle organ
- Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
-Binds fascicles together
Endomysium
- Composed of Reticular Fibers (create space)
- Allows space for very small blood vessels to run next to muscles fibers
Deep Fascia
- Bundles/binds groups of muscles together
- Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
-
Properties
Excitability
- Ability to respond to a stimulus and producing an electrical signal
Extensibility
- Ability to stretch within limits, without damage
- Contract/Extend muscles
Contractility
- Contract muscles (shortening)
- Generate tension or force when pulling on an attachment
- Microfilaments = made out of actin protein
Elasticity
- ability to return to it's original shape after contraction/extension
Functions
Maintain Posture & Stabilizes Joints
- Near neck, spinal column, near coccyx to maintain posture
- Tendons/ligaments help stabilize joints
- In where we need the most movement, like the shoulder or knee
Generate Heat
- Involuntary shiver to create heat
- Running
Open/Close Body Passageways
- Sphincter muscle (round)
- Urethra
- Internal Sphincter in large intestines (smooth muscle and involuntary)
- External sphincter in large intestines (voluntary)
- Pupil = open/close
- Relaxation closes the passageway
Produce Movement
- Bones, blood, contents of hollow organs
- Bone = moving bone
- Blood = moving blood
- Hollow organs = moving contents of hollow organs