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Immunity is a complex system in an organism that requires communication…
Immunity is a complex system in an organism that requires communication between a diverse number of cells. Describe the link between Innate and Adaptive Immunity with specific recognition of the cells and the pathways involved.
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Immune system
Is an eternal and internal system that is constructed of various specialized organs, cells and molecules that provide defensive resistance against infections, toxins and diseases.
Delves, P.J. and Roitt, I.M., 2000. The immune system. New England journal of medicine, 343(1), pp.37-49.
Definition of Innate Immunity
Is/serves as the first line of defense in the human body that detect infective pathogens, microbial infections and damaged self-molecules through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)
Vanaja, S.K., Rathinam, V.A. and Fitzgerald, K.A., 2014. The PYHIN Family of Molecules and their Functions Sensing dsDNA. In Biological DNA Sensor (pp. 43-65).
Akira, S., Uematsu, S. and Takeuchi, O., 2006. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell, 124(4), pp.783-801.
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TALK ABOUT EXAMPLES: PHAGOCYTES.
PAGE 6
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Definition of Adaptive Immunity
also known as the acquired immune system
is the second sub-system composed of highly specialized cells that efficiently eliminate pathogens that escape the innate immune system.
Moticka, E.J., 2015. A historical perspective on evidence-based immunology. Newnes.
THE START:
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P., 2002. The adaptive immune system. Molecular biology of the cell, 4, pp.1363-1402.
The human body is constantly exposed to countless pathogens and toxins, threatening the safety of the internal body. Whether it was through direct contact, ingestion or inhalation, humans are under an alarming risk of from the invasion of infective microorganisms...........As a result, humans have developed various defensive mechanisms that have the ability to protect the body from...... also known as...
Akira, S., Uematsu, S. and Takeuchi, O., 2006. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell, 124(4), pp.783-801.
Facts about the Innate system (QUOTES)
"Alternatively, innate immunity holds an infection in check until the slower adaptive immune response can be mounted."
Porcelli, S.A., 2017. Innate Immunity. In Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology (Tenth Edition) (pp. 274-287).
"The innate immune system is the phylogenically oldest component of the human immune system."
"Innate immune responses serve two important functions: they provide relatively immediate protection against infection and they establish a milieu promoting subsequent adaptive (T and B cell) immunity and memory."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455700905000434
Innate immunity is activated immediately after a pathogen penetrates the physical barriers and provides a non-specific response (innate immune response) that acts against a broad range of different pathogens
Facts about the adaptive system (QUOTES)
"The adaptive immune system is activated by pathogens that escape innate host defense mechanisms."
Moticka, E.J., 2015. A historical perspective on evidence-based immunology. Newnes.
"The innate responses call the adaptive immune responses into play, and both work together to eliminate the pathogens (Figure 24-1)"
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Walter, P., Raff, M. and Roberts, K., 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th Edition: International Student Edition.
" Unlike innate immune responses, the adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular pathogen that induced them. They can also provide long-lasting protection"
"The quality and magnitude of the adaptive immune response is dependent on the innate immune response."
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THESIS
The innate and adaptive immune systems work together to protect the human body. There are links that connect these two immune systems together in order to fight infective pathogens
Palucka, K. and Banchereau, J., 1999. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Journal of clinical immunology, 19(1), pp.12-25.
NEXT
The response from the immune system to any invasion can be branched into the innate and adaptive phases that operate in synergy to eliminate pathogens.
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Although the body's physical barriers, such as the skin, provide the first line of defense, they are not completely effective mechanisms against strong pathogens
Difference between Innate and adaptive systems
immunological memory
BODY
Epithelial cells
Schleimer, R.P., Kato, A., Kern, R., Kuperman, D. and Avila, P.C., 2007. Epithelium: at the interface of innate and adaptive immune responses. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 120(6), pp.1279-1284.
Dendrite cells
Palucka, K. and Banchereau, J., 1999. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Journal of clinical immunology, 19(1), pp.12-25.
Dendrite cells are considered the initiative bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. They are found in the tissues, particularly in the lymph nodes and the skin.
Due to their close proximity to the tissue environment, DCs are equipped with intracellular pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)
Novak, N., Koch, S., Allam, J.P. and Bieber, T., 2010. Dendritic cells: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125(1), pp.50-59
Such receptors, including monocytes, macrophages and toll-like receptors (TLRs), can recognize invading pathogens.
The signal transduction initiated by PPRs can alter the behaviour of DCs. For example, activation of DCs via TLR4 stimulation in the presence of tolerogenic factors results in the promotion of regulatory T cells, whereas inflammation activates TH1 icells that normally generate responses againt bacteria and viruses.
Novak, N., Koch, S., Allam, J.P. and Bieber, T., 2010. Dendritic cells: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125(1), pp.50-59
The effective stimulation of T and B cells by DCs is the main initiator of the adaptive immune system. B cells are able to immediately recognize native antigens through receptors with the help of DCs,as they directly transfer the antigen to the B-cells receptors and initiate proliferation.
Wykes, M. and MacPherson, G., 2000. Dendritic cell–B‐cell interaction: dendritic cells provide B cells with CD40‐independent proliferation signals and CD40‐dependent survival signals. Immunology, 100(1), pp.1-3.
However, T cells require APC to present processed fragments of the antigen to the T cell antigen receptors (TCRs). With the help of DCs, TCRs recognize such fragments that are bounded to the surface of an APC.
Banchereau, J. and Steinman, R.M., 1998. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature, 392(6673), p.245.
START
The two branches of the immune system have a complex interacting network that involves cell-cell interactions, that are not necessarily"mutually exclusive". Communication between the innate and adaptive systems normally result in the activation or suppression of target cells.
Getz, G.S., 2005. Bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems.
One of the innate system's crucial roles is to activate adaptive immunity. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are innate immune cells that recognize pathogens and then present fragments of the pathogen, known as antigen, to adaptive immune cells such as T and B cells. Such innate cells are phagocytes, including cells called dendrite cells .
CONCLUSION