SangayThongpatsangSkeletalSystem.pdf

Joints

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal System/Tissues

structural types of synovial joints.

synovial joint components

cartilaginous joints

fibrous joints

Connective tissue layers

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Functions

Compact and spongy bone

Components of long bone

major structural components of the skeletal system

Red and yellow bone marrow

Major Functions

Types of bone cells

Protection, bones of skull protect brain, vertebrae protect spinal cord, rib cage protect organs of thorax

Mineral storage, bones store minerals most importantly calcium and phosphate.

Movement, muscle attach to bones by tendons and use the bones as levers.

Blood cell formation and energy storage

Provide framework that supports the weight of the body

Energy metabolism

Tendons

Ligaments

Cartilage

connect bone to bone

Connect muscle to bone

Cushions moveable joints

Compact

Spongy

Dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid

Internal to compact bone, honeycomb structure, contains red or yellow bone marrow

Yellow bone marrow

Red bone marrow

Gives rise to most red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells

energy storage, contains higher number of fat cells.

Most bones in the limbs are long bones

Epiphysis

Two distinct ends of long bones

diaphysis

Shaft of long bones

Articular cartilage

Covers epiphysis with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Function to keep bone matrix healthy

Actively secrete and produce components of bone matrix. Bone building

Breakdown bone, bone eating. Healthy process, destroys old bone tissue

Pivot

Condylar

Saddle

Hinge

Plane

Ball and socket

Bones connected by fibrous tissue.

Mostly DRCT

Most are immovable or only slightly movable

Bones united by cartilage.

Lack joint cavity

Not very moveable

Two types

Symphysis (fibrocartilage)

Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage

Synovial fluid

Articular Capsule

joint cavity

unique to synovial joints

Holds synovial fluid

Slippery lubricant

Occurs within articular cartilages

Encloses joint capsule

Two layers

Inner

Outer

synovial membrane

produces synovial fluid

Fibrous layer of DICT

composed of loose CT

Strengthens joints so bones are not pulled apart

Non-axil movement

Gliding.

Intercarpal joints

uniaxial movement

Flexion and extension

Elbow

interphalangeal joints

Uniaxial movement

Rotation

Proximal radioulnar joints

atlantoaxial joint

Biaxial movement

Adduction and abduction

Flexion and extension

metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist joint

Multiaxial movement

Flexion and extension

adduction and abduction

Rotation

Shoulder and hip joints

biaxial movement

Adduction and abduction

Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Flexion and extension

Produce heat

Support

Movement

Properties

Excitability

Contractility

Extensibility

Elasticity

Epimysium

components of a skeletal fiber

Outermost layer. Surrounds the entire muscle.

Perimysium

Surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles.

Endomysium

Deepest layer. Separates individual muscle fibers.

sarcolemma

sarcoplasm

mitochondria

Alot per cell; energy producers.

Cell membrane of muscle fibers

cytoplasm of muscle fiber.

Sarcomere

structural and functional unit of a myofibril that extends from Z-line to Z-line

the components of the neuromuscular junction.

Terminal boutons

Synaptic cleft

Contains vesicles that release neurotransmitters (ACh)

Lies in a trough like depression of sarcolemma

Enzymes in the synaptic cleft break down ACh

ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Used to transport neurotransmitters from one synapse to another

Nerve impulses stimulate ACh to be released here