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SangayThongpatsangSkeletalSystem.pdf (Skeletal System/Tissues (Major…
SangayThongpatsangSkeletalSystem.pdf
Joints
structural types of synovial joints.
Pivot
Uniaxial movement
Rotation
Proximal radioulnar joints
atlantoaxial joint
Condylar
Biaxial movement
Adduction and abduction
Flexion and extension
metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist joint
Saddle
biaxial movement
Adduction and abduction
Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
Flexion and extension
Hinge
uniaxial movement
Flexion and extension
Elbow
interphalangeal joints
Plane
Non-axil movement
Gliding.
Intercarpal joints
Ball and socket
Multiaxial movement
Flexion and extension
adduction and abduction
Rotation
Shoulder and hip joints
synovial joint components
Synovial fluid
Slippery lubricant
Occurs within articular cartilages
Articular Capsule
Encloses joint capsule
Two layers
Inner
synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid
composed of loose CT
Outer
Fibrous layer of DICT
Strengthens joints so bones are not pulled apart
joint cavity
unique to synovial joints
Holds synovial fluid
cartilaginous joints
Bones united by cartilage.
Lack joint cavity
Not very moveable
Two types
Symphysis (fibrocartilage)
Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage
fibrous joints
Bones connected by fibrous tissue.
Mostly DRCT
Most are immovable or only slightly movable
Skeletal Muscle
Connective tissue layers
Epimysium
Outermost layer. Surrounds the entire muscle.
Perimysium
Surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles.
Endomysium
Deepest layer. Separates individual muscle fibers.
components of a skeletal fiber
sarcolemma
Cell membrane of muscle fibers
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle fiber.
mitochondria
Alot per cell; energy producers.
Sarcomere
structural and functional unit of a myofibril that extends from Z-line to Z-line
Properties
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Functions
Produce heat
Support
Movement
the components of the neuromuscular junction.
Terminal boutons
Contains vesicles that release neurotransmitters (ACh)
Lies in a trough like depression of sarcolemma
Synaptic cleft
Enzymes in the synaptic cleft break down ACh
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Used to transport neurotransmitters from one synapse to another
Nerve impulses stimulate ACh to be released here
Skeletal System/Tissues
Compact and spongy bone
Compact
Dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid
Spongy
Internal to compact bone, honeycomb structure, contains red or yellow bone marrow
Components of long bone
Most bones in the limbs are long bones
Epiphysis
Two distinct ends of long bones
diaphysis
Shaft of long bones
Articular cartilage
Covers epiphysis with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
major structural components of the skeletal system
Tendons
connect bone to bone
Ligaments
Connect muscle to bone
Cartilage
Cushions moveable joints
Red and yellow bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
energy storage, contains higher number of fat cells.
Red bone marrow
Gives rise to most red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
Major Functions
Protection, bones of skull protect brain, vertebrae protect spinal cord, rib cage protect organs of thorax
Mineral storage, bones store minerals most importantly calcium and phosphate.
Movement, muscle attach to bones by tendons and use the bones as levers.
Blood cell formation and energy storage
Provide framework that supports the weight of the body
Energy metabolism
Types of bone cells
Osteoblasts
Actively secrete and produce components of bone matrix. Bone building
Osteocytes
Function to keep bone matrix healthy
Osteoclasts
Breakdown bone, bone eating. Healthy process, destroys old bone tissue