SangayThongpatsangSkeletalSystem.pdf
Joints
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal System/Tissues
structural types of synovial joints.
synovial joint components
cartilaginous joints
fibrous joints
Connective tissue layers
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Functions
Compact and spongy bone
Components of long bone
major structural components of the skeletal system
Red and yellow bone marrow
Major Functions
Types of bone cells
Protection, bones of skull protect brain, vertebrae protect spinal cord, rib cage protect organs of thorax
Mineral storage, bones store minerals most importantly calcium and phosphate.
Movement, muscle attach to bones by tendons and use the bones as levers.
Blood cell formation and energy storage
Provide framework that supports the weight of the body
Energy metabolism
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
connect bone to bone
Connect muscle to bone
Cushions moveable joints
Compact
Spongy
Dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid
Internal to compact bone, honeycomb structure, contains red or yellow bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Gives rise to most red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
energy storage, contains higher number of fat cells.
Most bones in the limbs are long bones
Epiphysis
Two distinct ends of long bones
diaphysis
Shaft of long bones
Articular cartilage
Covers epiphysis with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Function to keep bone matrix healthy
Actively secrete and produce components of bone matrix. Bone building
Breakdown bone, bone eating. Healthy process, destroys old bone tissue
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Hinge
Plane
Ball and socket
Bones connected by fibrous tissue.
Mostly DRCT
Most are immovable or only slightly movable
Bones united by cartilage.
Lack joint cavity
Not very moveable
Two types
Symphysis (fibrocartilage)
Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage
Synovial fluid
Articular Capsule
joint cavity
unique to synovial joints
Holds synovial fluid
Slippery lubricant
Occurs within articular cartilages
Encloses joint capsule
Two layers
Inner
Outer
synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid
Fibrous layer of DICT
composed of loose CT
Strengthens joints so bones are not pulled apart
Non-axil movement
Gliding.
Intercarpal joints
uniaxial movement
Flexion and extension
Elbow
interphalangeal joints
Uniaxial movement
Rotation
Proximal radioulnar joints
atlantoaxial joint
Biaxial movement
Adduction and abduction
Flexion and extension
metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist joint
Multiaxial movement
Flexion and extension
adduction and abduction
Rotation
Shoulder and hip joints
biaxial movement
Adduction and abduction
Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
Flexion and extension
Produce heat
Support
Movement
Properties
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Epimysium
components of a skeletal fiber
Outermost layer. Surrounds the entire muscle.
Perimysium
Surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles.
Endomysium
Deepest layer. Separates individual muscle fibers.
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
mitochondria
Alot per cell; energy producers.
Cell membrane of muscle fibers
cytoplasm of muscle fiber.
Sarcomere
structural and functional unit of a myofibril that extends from Z-line to Z-line
the components of the neuromuscular junction.
Terminal boutons
Synaptic cleft
Contains vesicles that release neurotransmitters (ACh)
Lies in a trough like depression of sarcolemma
Enzymes in the synaptic cleft break down ACh
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Used to transport neurotransmitters from one synapse to another
Nerve impulses stimulate ACh to be released here