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Freshwater and Soil Resources (Freshwater (Moved through the water cycle…
Freshwater and Soil Resources
Weathering - breaks down rock
Chemical weathering - changes materials through chemical reactions
Hydrolysis - decomposition of silicate minerals
Oxidation - oxygen reacts with substances
Carbonic acid - acid reacts with substances
Physical weathering - breaks the material into smaller pieces
Ice wedging - process of freezing, melting, and refreezing freezing of water breaks rock apart
Exfoliation - occurs when overlying rock are worm away and upward pressure cracks exposed layers
Abrasion - friction from moving sand wears away rock
Factors of weathering
Climate - hot, humid climates have more chemical weathering and cold climates have more physical weathering
Surface area - increasing surface area increases weathering
Composition
Topography - steeper areas have greater rates of weathering due to gravity
Organisms
Time
Erosion - carries away sediment
Factors of erosion
Gravity
Water
Meander - bend in a river
Cut bank - most erosion
Dump bank - most deposition
Rivers carve V-shaped valleys and glaciers carve U-shaped valleys
Ice
Wind
Deposition - puts sediment down
Rivers flowing into the ocean form triangle-shaped deposits called deltas
Rivers flowing into the lakes or flat land form triangle-shaped deposits called alluvial fans
Soil
Components: minerals, organic material (humus), water, and air
Layers of a soil profile
O Horizon - top layer made of plant debris and other organic material (humus)
A Horizon - second layer from the top. Contains mostly mineral matter
B Horizon - third layer. Minerals washed out of above layers build up here
C Horizon - fourth layer. Made of partially weathered bedrock.
Soil textures depend on the amount of clay, sand, and silt
Soil triangle used to name type of soil depending on amount of clay, sand, and silt
Factors in soil formation
Parent material (bedrock)
Climate (temperature and precipitation)
Organisms
Topography
Time
Freshwater
Moved through the water cycle
Powered by the sun
Evaporation and transportation (water from plants)
Condensation
Precipitation
Infiltration into the ground
Runoff - water flows across the ground
Most of the water on Earth is saltwater in the ocean
Most of the freshwater on Earth is frozen. Less than 1% of the Earth's water is available for humans to use
Groundwater
Moves through ground
Permeability - how easy can water flow through substance
Porous - amount of air space in a substance
Aquifers have good permeability and are porous
Aquicludes have either good permeability or are porous, but not both
Groundwater diagram
Zone of aeration - area of ground filled with air
Zone of saturation - area of ground filled with water
Water table - boundary between area of air and area of water in the ground
Factors that impact water table depth
Adding wells to an area can lower the water table
Cone of depression - water pulled down towards the bottom of well
Over use of a well near ocean can cause saltwater to intrude into the well
Slope of land
Climate
Time between rains
Thickness of soil
Karst topography
Formed as water flows through limestone and forms a weak acid that dissolves rock
Common in the Valley and Ridge region of Virginia
Features of karst topography
Caves
Stalactites - form from the ceiling down
Stalagmites - form from the floor up
Column - form when stalactite and stalagmite connect
Sinkholes
Natural bridges
Watershed - land water moves over or through to draining into a body of water.
Parts
Divide - ridge that separates watersheds
Tributary - stream that feeds into a main river
Floodplain - flat area of land that river flows through
Virginia has 3 major watersheds: Chesapeake Bay, North Carolina Sounds, and Gulf Mexico (Mississippi River)