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Structure and Bonding (Ionic Bonding (Properties ((Insulator when solid…

- - - - Formed from metals, hydrogen and ammonium
    - - Formed by non-metals
  - - - Strong electrostatic forces of attraction which take a lot of energy to overcome
    - - Insulator when solid
        
        Ions are held in a fixed lattice—cannot move and carry charge
      - Conductor when molten
        
        Ions are free to move and carry charge
      - Conducts when in solution
        
        Ions are free to move and carry charge
    - - Soluble in polar substances
        
        Water molecules surround ions, releasing energy
      - Insoluble in non-polar substances
        
        Molecules can't surround and interrupt the lattice
- - - - Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between ions and delocalised electrons take a lot of energy to overcome
    - - Delocalised electrons free to move through lattice
    - - Does not dissolve at all
        
        Liquid cannot penetrate lattice
- - - - Inter-molecular forces of attraction don't
        take a lot of energy to overcome
    - - No mobile charge carriers
    - - Insoluble in polar substances
        
        Likes
      - Soluble in non-polar substances
- - - - Between molecules there are intermolecular forces of attraction which don't take a lot of energy to overcome
  - - - Strong electrostatic forces of attraction which take a lot of energy to overcome
- - - - Needs to break all of the
        strong covalent bonds
    - - Cannot penetrate strong covalent bonds
    - - No mobile charge carriers
    - - Coating saw blades and drill bits
    - - Strong covalent bonds need
        to be broken which requires
        a large force
  - - - Needs to break strong covalent bonds
    - - Weak forces between layers
    - - Cannot penetrate strong covalent bonds
    - - Some electrons are free to move between layers
    - - Use as pencil lead and in lubricating oils