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Tan_Anson_Block4_MM3 (Structure (Carrier Proteins embedded (Functions of…

- - - - Signal transduction
        
        Relays a chemical message
      - cell to cell recognition
        
        ID tags(glycoproteins) used by cells to identify each other
      - Enzymatic Activity
        
        Enzyme with active sites exposed to solutions
      - Intercellular Joining
        
        Hook adjacent cells together in various kinds of junctions
      - Transport
        
        allows for matter to move across the membrane in and out of the cell
      - Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
        
        Microfilaments and other elemetns may be bonded to proteins to form part of the ECm and Cytoskeleton
        
        Glycolipids are a part of the attachments
- - - - Isotonic
        
        equal solute concentration
        
        Normal cell shape
        
        Plant Cell: Flaccid
        
        Animal Cells: Normal
      - Hypotonic
        
        Higher Solute Concentration inside the cell
        
        Net movement of water into the cell
        
        Animal Cell: Lysed or Bursts, Plant Cells: Turgid(normal)
      - Hypertonic
        
        Lower Solute Concentration on the interior
        
        Net movement of water out the cell
        
        Animal Cells: Shrivel, Plant Cells: Plasmolyzed
  - - - key determinant of what passes when channels are open
- - - - take in small amount of fluids
      - budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
      - is happening all the time
      - the vesicle can then be digested and then the molecules inside is absorbed into the cytosol
    - - enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances
      - protein with specific receptors exposed to extracellular fluid
        
        form clusters of pits
        
        lined on cytoplasm side with fuzzy layer of coat proteins
      - Ligands bind to coated pits and forms vesicles
        
        becomes a coated vesicle
      - receptors are recycled back to the plasma membrane by same vesicle
    - - Engulfs large molecules or matter
        
        example: White Bacteria Cell engulfs bacteria
      - forms an internal compartment known as a phagosomes
      - often a process of a cell that is a phagocyte or a protist
  - - - changes shape to allow passage
    - - forms an electrochemical gradient
        
        important for nerves processes
    - - Phosphorylation causes the pump to change conformation; releases NA+ ions into ECM
      - Extracellular K+ ions(2) bind to the pump, triggers the release of the phosphate
      - Stimulates phosphorylation by ATP
      - Loss of phosphate changes pump back to original conformation
      - NA+ Ions(3) from the cytoplasm binds to the pump
      - K+ ions release into cytoplasm and cycle repeats